The novel COVID-19 pandemic is yet to unfold its impact and long-run consequences. Both developed and developing nations are trying their level best to cope and address the current situation in their respective affected regions with the help of the international guidelines and through their own experiences. The policies play an effective and efficient role in understanding different dimensions of the practices including social distancing, washing hands, wearing masks and most above all the lockdown. Such series of actions demand strong policy and learning both from global scenarios and national or provincial experiences. This study suggests how the policy gap may be identified to especially link the primary health care for the adequate response to this challenge. The study covered the editions of the latest news journals, newspapers, websites published between the months of March 2020 to April 2020 because the Pandemic paced up in these months.

The purpose of the present study is to highlight the seriousness and explore the level of awareness of postgraduate students regarding plagiarism, HEC plagiarism policy and practice. The research design used in the study was convergent mixed method. The population of the study was comprised of all the postgraduate students and supervisors of the public sector universities of Punjab. The sample of this study consisted of 64 supervisor and 272 postgraduate students from Punjab. Three research instruments; questionnaires, semi-structured interview and focus group discussion guidelines (FGDs) were used to collect the data. The results of the study indicated that students were aware about plagiarism but unaware of the plagiarism policy except that the similarity index of the dissertation. Study recommends arranging awareness about plagiarism to the teachers, students and administrators through orientations, various workshops, trainings and seminars.

Employee associations serve as resources of interested employees in helping the advisory committees and the staff task forces. Besides, they may also help in publicizing information of interest, procedures, and policy to employees and participate actively in the process of academic review. In universities, a significant role is played by employees unions. Unlike Employee unions, the existence of employee associations differs a lot. Many benefits can be gained from the relationship between the management of the University and employee association. It has been found that in the past, universities in Pakistan have failed to revive and engage with their employees, due to which effectiveness was lost majorly by the associations present in the universities. This research paper will critically reflect upon the relationship between the employee association and the overall management of the universities of Peshawar. Further, it will also identify the significant barriers and issues faced by the employees associations.

The purpose of the paper was to investigate the effect of CSR in prevention of bankruptcy while considering role of board independence in manufacturing sector of Pakistan and Australia. For this purpose, data of 50 publicly listed manufacturing companies from Australia and Pakistan was collected for 2005 to 2018 on factors of corporate social responsibility (CSR), bankruptcy and board independence. Meanwhile, EViews was used to conduct tests and correlation and multiple regression techniques were applied for the empirical investigation. The findings of the study reveal that bankruptcy is not significantly affected by the CSR contribution of manufacturing companies from developing and developed country. i.e. Pakistan and Australia. However, in case of Pakistan, evidence of moderation effect of board independence on effect of CSR on bankruptcy is found which is also significant. But this could not be evidenced from the Australian firms. Lastly, the paper also discusses the implications.

Pension funds pools’ investments have an impact on its growth. These investments can be either in equity stock, bonds, deposits, or in other miscellaneous assets that can generate different results with the involvement of some endogenous factors such as rate of return, inflation etc. To bring out the core investment factors determining pension fund growth, a stepwise regression technique was used on a dynamic panel data model. Moreover, to check the individual significance of the included variables in the model progressively, R2-change was observed. This study has found that the investment factors behave positively in high growth-oriented OECD economies and have a negative impact in low growth-oriented countries. Moreover, pension funds growth is slower due to market volatility in low-growth oriented economies. The study helps to know the utilization or investment factors that support the large asset-holding of financial-sector of OECD economies.

‘Dynamic resource-based view’ is the major inspiration for this study, which signifies the changes in paths & patterns of the evolution in organizational capabilities during its LCS. Using the Dickinson’s (2011) firm’s LCS, the study determined diverse behavior of traditionally established explanatory variables across stages. For the purpose of analysis GMM model has been used, the study conducted a comparative analysis of developed and emerging markets in Asia. The results showed higher COE capital during introduction and decline stages in emerging markets implying trade-off theory and dynamic resource-based view. Study denies association between COE capital and market-to-book value in developed markets in line with market timing theory Its concluded that COE’s explanatory factors evolve across markets and firm’s LCS the explanatory power of the general model is much higher when the study included LCS in its main model justifying resource-based view.

The present study aimed to develop and validate an instrument by employing quantitative measures for the assessment of prospective teachers’ professional ‘Dispositions of Instructional Planning and Strategies’ (DIPS) in line with National Professional Standard for Teachers in Pakistan (NPST) developed by Ministry of Education (MoE) as policy guideline in the context of Pakistan. The instrument was employed to 424 prospective teachers in the Institute of Education and Research University of Punjab using stratified sampling with the representation of prospective teachers form all programs, semesters, and gender. Five dimensions of DIPS Scale namely, Critical Thinking and Multiple-ways of Problem Solving, Team Work and Cooperative Learning, Collaboration and Cooperation, Enabling Students for Independent Learning, Attainment of Curriculum Goals were identified. The Cronbach Alpha reliability of the instrument was found 0.8. The finding provides preliminary evidence of a valid and reliable tool for the pre-service teachers in Pakistan.

The current study is an examination of increasing coverage of food crimes on media and its influence on the public. There are number of broadcasts, commentaries, articles and investigations that have surfaced on public platforms regarding the heinous individual and organized food crimes in Pakistan, literature about the food safety standards in Pakistan has also confirmed that the increasing safety violations have created an impact on public health. These investigative initiatives have created an impact on the audience about reevaluating their choices and decisions about the procurement of common to specialized food items and supplies. This study assesses a range of concepts related to food risk and safety perception amongst the audience with reference to the role and effectiveness of media. The media’s function is assessed in the broader framework of public service and social responsibility theories.

The aim of this study was to empirically validate the impact of ability-enhancing HR bundles on organizational ambidexterity through mediation of employees cognitive factors and employees exploration and exploitation. The multi-level data was collected from 600 employees of the software companies and analyzed through MEDTHREE analysis and SEM using AMOS software. Data was collected in two-time waves and results revealed positive relationship between ability-enhancing HR bundles and organizational ambidexterity. This study contributes to literature by providing new insights and by investigating links of ability-enhancing HR bundles with organizational ambidexterity directly and indirectly.

Issues faced by the Christians of Punjab on various occasions have been reported by the media; however, they have been on the rise in recent years. Media organizations aim to provide coverage and address minorities issues, and also follow policies and procedures for better interest of all involved. This research paper attempts to look into the policies of electronic media organizations as well as the media regulatory body regarding coverage of issues faced by the Christians. In-depth interviews of officials in policymaking; four from media and two from the electronic media regulatory authority resulted that the authority has clear written policies for media content as to the coverage of minorities issues which is to avoid any coverage inciting hatred or fear among people. It also brings forth media’s unwritten policies and practices with regards to covering issues related to Pakistan Christian minority and priorities given to the coverage.

The study was designed to make analysis for developing Life Skills practices in the secondary schools of Islamabad. It was descriptive survey study. All 1039 SSTs, all 146 principals of public secondary schools working under FDE at Islamabad were population of the study. Five hundred and seventy (570) SSTs; one hundred and forty (140) principals were selected by using stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire having 36 items were developed by the researcher on five point Likert scale. Mean, Standard Deviation, and t-test, were applied to analyze the data. There was moderate level of practice of skill development in secondary schools. Male teachers were better performing in developing communication skills and critical thinking while female teachers were better for developing problem solving skills. Development of strategy and proper training of teachers and principals, by the government, for life base skill education was recommended.

The study aims to explore postgraduate research students expectations from their thesis supervisors in online postgraduate programs. Particularly it aimed to study their perceptions of the role of thesis supervisor in their postgraduate research work. The study followed survey research design. The population comprised 1118 Postgraduate (MS) students enrolled in nine programs at post-graduation level in spring 2018. Using stratified random sampling technique, a total of 150 postgraduate research students were selected from five programs (MS Computer science, M Phil Educational Leadership and Management, MS Business Administration, MS Mathematics and MS Zoology of four faculties of Virtual University of Pakistan. Data were collected through researcher made scale Expectations of Research Students (ERS) having five subscales and 28 items. Mean, Standard Deviation and ANOVA were applied for obtaining results. Findings suggested that well documented and communicated thesis supervision regulations and including face-to-face interactions with online supervision could make some improvements to the outcomes of online supervision.

Since almost last two decades employees creativity has been discussed immensely by the researchers. This study majorly focuses on the effect of employee creativity in project performance in project-based organizations of Pakistan. We have discussed that the relationship between, employees creativity and project performance depend on the knowledge sharing whereas, openness to experience moderating the correlation of employees creativity with knowledge sharing. For this purpose, data was collected from 273 employees working in project-based organizations of Pakistan. The results obtained after the data analysis, considerably shows that there is an optimistic relationship between employees creativity and project performance whereas knowledge sharing mediates this relationship with the moderating role of openness to experience. The study significantly expands to the prevailing literature by highlighting the procedure through which employees’ creativity has a major effect on the enhancement of project performance.

This study measured the environmental literacy (EL) level that the secondary school teachers in Punjab (Pakistan) possessed and found mean scores of various groups of teachers, demographically categorized, significantly different when assessed on scales of environmental literacy. Data collection was done by adapting a valid tool titled as Middle School Environmental Literacy Instrument and administered on 1626 teachers randomly selected from five out of 36 districts of Punjab through stratified random sampling technique. The EL level of teachers was assessed according to environmental knowledge, environmental dispositions, cognitive skills, and environmentally responsible behavior. The application of descriptive and complex inferential statistics showed moderate composite score of EL. Also moderate scores on individual scales were found with the exception of the scale on issue analysis. On this scale, the scores were high. However, scores of women teachers were higher than those of male instructors. The experience variable had not shown significantly different scores on EL.

The research study was conducted to find out the emergence of CPEC in Daily Urdu Express newspaper and Daily Urdu Jang newspaper, factors of overall positive and negative emergence of CPEC. Quantitative method was used, and the content analysis was applied to the sample of two leading dailies Urdu newspapers of Pakistan; Express and Jang. Sample of entire year of 2016 was taken for this account. The results indicated that 88.9% of the total news about CPEC published in Daily express were positive and 11.1% negative whereas 91.4% of the total news about CPEC published in Daily Jang were positive and 8.6% were negative. Overall, 14 factors were found under positive portrayal of leading 4 factors security, peace, PakChina relations and infrastructure. The leading factor in negative portrayal was political Party Politics among the 14 defined news factors. Conclusively, CPEC was portrayed positively.

The study presents arguments on multiculturalism and integration and aims to look into the challenges, strategies, and prospects of the students integration in the educational environment and society. Reasonable literature exists on its different aspects and the assumed relationship of multiculturalism and academic integration into the educational environment in different countries. The existing literature was identified to review and discuss the concerning arguments on the issue. Different strategies have been reviewed to acculturate with the main emphasis on academic integration before focusing on the interplay of the processes of multiculturalism and integration and the probability for students integration in the academic culture. It was found that multiculturalism and integration interplay in varying ways, and there is a likelihood that students can integrate into a multicultural environment of an educational institute where culturally diverse groups of the students respect diversity and intercultural strategies supported by the host institute which helps them integrate.

The efficacious attitude of a person plays a vital role to develop psychological well-being, interpersonal and self-esteem. An individual with high level of self-efficacy is able to regulate and balance thoughts over actions. The basic purpose of the current study was to find out the relationship between self-efficacy and workplace stress of university teachers. A quantitative co-relational research design was followed to achieve the research objectives. 180 faculty members working in three different public sector universities in Pakistan were selected using multiphase sampling technique. Self-developed self-efficacy scale (based on two factors; general teaching efficacy and personal teaching efficacy) and workplace stress inventory were used to collect the required data. Data were analyzed applying mean score, t-test and Pearson correlation. Findings of the study reveal indirect correlation between the level of teachers self-efficacy and their perceived stress at workplace. Few recommendations were made on the basis of the findings of this study.

Metacognition and reflective teaching are concepts that complement each other if we refer to a reflective teacher. This study investigates whether metacognitive awareness of prospective teachers can be improved through reflective journals. In present study reflective journals are comprised of practice sheets through which the prospective teachers can practice their metacognitive thoughts consciously. The methodology followed is experimental research by using qusai-experimental design into two phases. Both, control and experimental groups were taught through a combination of teaching strategies that we normally use in our classes such as lecture, discussion, or through inquiry, etc., in phase 1. In phase 2, reflective journals, along with other strategies that were used in the 1st phase, were introduced. The results of data analysis revealed a significant enhancement of prospective teachers metacognitive awareness and its constituent factors e.g., metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive regulation.

It is a descriptive study that used a mix method of research. The data were collected from primary and secondary sources. The type of sampling technique followed in this study was first to select the clusters and then selecting the specified number of respondents from each selected cluster. First the respondents were categorized as principals and teachers of schools, colleges and Regional Institutes of Teachers Education and key informants at the provincial level. Then purposive sample was drawn from clusters of those subjects who could provide useful information about the study. In order to suggest a remedy for the solution to these problems it was recommended that both access and quality should be improved making the education affordable for all concerned. It was recommended that the issues of absorption and marketability of graduates at different levels of education should be addressed in the national policies.

This study critically examines the discourses about the self-identity formation and public perception about transgender community in District Mansehra, Pakistan. The study is theoretically guided by socio-cognitive approach of discourse analysis. The data was collected in the participant setting through in-depth interviews from the twenty transgender and fifteen respondents from the general public. The views of transgender about their self-identity and public perception about transgender was analyzed in the light of the linguistic choices while using socio-cognitive model. It was found that the self-identity formation of transgender is socially constructed that was reflected in their discourse. Likewise, the status, acceptance and overall social existence of transgender are also potentially determined by the views and narratives of the general public. The study concludes that the identity formation and discrimination of transgender is socially and linguistically constructed and internalized by the transgender community in specific and society in general.

Key objectives of the study are to (1) determine the effectiveness of the inductive method in augmenting the students achievement in English grammar and (2) compare the perceptions of students in the experimental group (whom intervention of inductive method was given) and control group (who were taught through traditional, i.e. deductive process) regarding teaching methods used for them. Following quasi-experimental design termed as a pretest, post-test control group, two sections of class 8th with 30 students constituted the sample. A 53 items achievement test was used for pre and post-test. The experimental group was exposed to an intervention of teaching tenses through inductive method for 34 days. Meanwhile, the deductive method was used for the control group. Lastly, a 16 items questionnaire was employed to figure out students perceptions. Findings of the intervention study substantiated the usefulness of the inductive method for teaching English grammar. The descriptive study exposed the inductive method as more effective, enjoyable, motivating, exciting and interactive.

The present study investigates women’s contribution to the socio-economic development of a country via their shares in the family’s total income. District Peshawar was selected as a research area A well-defined questionnaire was randomly distributed among women respondents both working women and housewives (sample size 450 = 300 urban and 150 rural). Two models, working women share in the income of household and wife’s share in household income were estimated. Based on the findings of research it is deducted that Model 2 for working women’s share in family’s total is preferred to second Model 2 for housewives shares in family’s total income although both models showed a positive and significant effect in most of the urban and rural areas of the Peshawar. It is suggested that the rate of economic participation of these women can be substantially raised through the introduction of appropriate measures if these are carried out with true letter and spirit.

The use of web-based technologies and social media to enhance student-teacher communication is a growing trend in education in recent times. After the COVID 19 pandemic, the worldwide network has been widely used and the infrastructure for information quickly developed. This study aims to explore the perceptions of teachers and students about the use of web and social media during the COVID-19 pandemic at postgraduate level. Firstly, this study employs a questionnaire to examine student perception about uses of web-based technologies and social media. Data were collected from 500 students from different departments at the universities. Secondly, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 teachers. The findings indicate that the social media are revolutionizing communication systems and are helpful in on-line classes, with collaborative work and research coordination during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study recommended extensive use of webs and social media for efficient communication between teachers and students.

Multimedia equipment is part of ICT facilities. The study aims to find out the impact of multimedia on the academic performance of the students at secondary level of Peshawar District. The main objectives of the study were (i) to find out Impact of multimedia on the academic performance of the students at secondary level. (ii) to assess the application of multimedia during the class and their impact on the student academic performance. The research was descriptive in nature. All the Secondary School of Peshawar district were population. The research sample included 20 public schools from the Peshawar District, 20 heads, 40 teachers and 40 secondary school students in the Peshawar District. The questionnaire was used as a research instrument. It was concluded that, given the lack of multimedia at school, it is recommended that the government provide multimedia services to the school.

This paper intended to analyze key Macroeconomic factor’s effect on Pakistan’s economic development. The annual time-series data has been taken from 1980 to 2018 on External Debts, Foreign Direct investment. Consumer Price Index and Term of Trade. Variables stationarity is analyzed by ADF and Ng-Perron tests; afterwards, JJ test and Granger Causality test are used for Long-run (LR) & Short-run(SR) associations between variables, respectively. Also, Residuals Diagnostic Test used for checking residuals assumptions and CUSUM and CUSUMSQ are used for checking parameter constancy. The result shows significantly negative and positive long-run effects of External Debts and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) respectively on the economic growth of Pakistan. Albeit, Consumer Price Index (CPI), Term of Trade (TOT) and, FDI significantly Granger cause economic growth in the short-run. Research suggests that economic policies devised in such a way that deteriorates External Debts and attract foreign investments and strengthen the economic growth of Pakistan in the long-term.

In today vibrant business environment, retaining a talented employee is a big challenge faced by organizations. We explore certain factors that might support organizations to retain their best employees. In the current research, we empirically examine the direct and indirect relationship of mentoring and strategic leadership to stay of Gen Y workers in the pharma industry in Pakistan. Affective commitment and Perceived organizational support were used as possible mediators. Through a cross-sectional research design, using the survey method, we received 248 responses from employees working in the pharma industry. Results revealed that both mentoring and strategic leadership have significant influence over Gen Y employees retention. Based on our study results, we suggested that managers should practice mentoring program in their talent management strategy and that managers practice a role of strategic leaders and implement a policy that retains the existing employees and attracts the best talent. Managerial implications and theoretical contributions are also discussed.

The present investigated the level of student support services' current condition of libraries and the level of safety in degree colleges of Punjab by sampling 65 teachers and 120 students. A survey with 15 questions divided into three areas in educational environment and was posed to two cohorts of the above sample. The first are of the survey contained 4 questions on support services, 4 questions on libraries and 7 questions on safety were completed by the teachers and the students (see below for details). Percent agreement-disagreement scores were collected to assess how teachers and students perceived degree college environment. Results suggested teachers and students did not differ much on their assessment of colleges and agreed (56%; disagreed: 23%) student support, libraries and safety were adequate in their educational environment.

This research explores the psychosocial challenges faced by rural Pakistani women in the wake of their migration to the city. A focus group and ten in-depth interviews were conducted with women from a migrant household. The study revealed that migrant women's frustration of unmet needs, the stress of unfulfilled expectations along with pressing socio-economic circumstances paves the way for a range of psychological problems like hopelessness, demoralization, lack of motivation, shame, social withdrawal and isolation, psychosomatic complaints anxiety and depression. The findings revealed that Persistent poverty does not only affect the psychological well-being of these migrant women but also keeps them trapped in impoverishment. It also highlighted that the psychosocial challenges for these migrant women increase twofold in the urban settings as they are compelled to exist on the margin of the margins as the poorest of the poor.

This study compares the schema modes between the clinical and non-clinical individuals. A purposive convenient sampling technique was used for the data collection from one hundred and fifty healthy community volunteers, and sixty diagnosed psychiatric patients. The "Schema Mode Inventory (SMI)" was utilized for the mode assessment and group comparison. A series of independent sample t-test depicted that, the clinical group had a significantly higher score on ten out of twelve dysfunctional schema modes and significantly lesser score on both functional schema modes. Identically, Fisher's r-to-z transformation confirmed that the association between dysfunctional schema modes was significantly higher in clinical individuals in comparison to non-clinical individuals. Thus, the present study describes a tendency of individuals with psychiatric disorders to rely more on dysfunctional schema modes in comparison to non-clinical individuals. These findings strengthen the empirical provision of the "schema mode model" for the assessment and treatment of psychiatric disorders.

The purpose of this study is to deal with dynamic interdependence between economic growth, economic structure, and residential distribution. It develops a spatial dynamic economic model on basis of microeconomic foundation. It integrates the economic mechanisms of the Solow one-sector growth model, the Alonso spatial residential model, and the Dixit-Stiglitz equilibrium model with imperfect market. We apply neoclassical economic growth of perfect competition to describe the growth determinant, the neoclassical urban residential model to determine residential location, and the basic model of new growth theory with imperfect market to take account of perfect and imperfect competition in spatial equilibrium structure. The basic economic mechanisms of the three approaches are integrated by using Zhang new approach to formally model household behavior. We determine the motion by simulation. Then we conduct comparative dynamic analysis to analyze how exogenous changes in different parameters affect residential distribution, economic growth, and economic structure. The study shows how changes in preferences and technologies affect economic growth, economic structure, land rent, and residential distribution.

This article aims to provide information relating to Alternative Dispute Resolution (Informal Dispute Resolution) which is considered a new technique for the resolution of disputes in western countries. Still, from the study, it has been proven that it is not a new technique, and has been in practice in one form or other in different times and civilizations; it is a conversion to new title and system with some modification, but the aim is same as was in ancient time, i.e., the historical evolution of the system from Torah period to present time presents the whole picture of this system. The study highlighted both practices in ancient and present times which shows that the system has been working successfully in all the times. Therefore, it can be applied elsewhere in the world, so the researcher is of the view that this system is more sustainable in any form than the formal system because it reflects the friendly, amicable, long-lasting relationships between parties.

This paper is an effort to de-construct the two opposite ideas of hope and despair in Ahmed Ali's Twilight in Delhi and Khushwant Singh's Delhi. The comparative points of view regarding Delhi by Singh and Ali serve to construct the ideological, political and ontological framing of Delhi. The paper explores the significance of Delhi as a symbol of political energy which distributes power or snatches it as an active agent of power-history. The paper exhibits the socio-political, economic and communal structures portrayed by Ali and Singh. The study is an effort to detect the system of representation in the metaphor of Delhi in the context of power-resistance and failure of the struggle against the Raj. The paper tries to show that both Ali and Singh see Delhi with a difference of outlook and literary approach to manifest hope and despair.

The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship of organizational politics on the performance of teaching faculty of the universities of Pakistan. The nature of the study was descriptive. The public sector universities of Punjab were the population of the study. The researchers randomly selected the four universities, i.e. the University of the Punjab Lahore, Bahaud din Zakria University Multan, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi and The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Two questionnaires, namely Organizational Politics by Vigoda (2007) and Teachers Performance Evaluation Scale (TPES) by Shehzad and Farooqi (2016), were adapted for the study. The statistical techniques t-test and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were applied to analyse the data. It was inferred that organizational politics had significant impact and relationship with the performance of university teachers. It is recommended that a qualitative approach may be adopted to get a further in-depth understanding of the phenomenon.

The focus of the research was to find science teachers' philosophy about the nature of science NOS in philosophical perspectives serving in the public sector universities of Pakistan. The descriptive research method was used to investigate the difference in perceptions of the science teachers about NOS on the basis of gender and subject. An online questionnaire was utilized in order to gather data from respondents. Different constructs of NOS were identified to explore. The female teachers had more understandings about NOS than male teachers. The teachers of mathematics were positivists and decontextualized view of NOS. Male teachers were having an inductivist view of NOS. Physics teachers believed in inductivism. The teachers of chemistry were having process and realism view of NOS. Mathematics teachers were found to have contextualized NOS. It is recommended to provide orientation to science teachers in order to build NOS towards concept clarification during the process of the teaching-learning process.

Development of communication skills in children with hearing impairment (HIC) is one of the major goals of rehabilitation for these children. Information about current trends and communication status of HIC is a prerequisite for communication skill-building plan development. For the exploration of the current communication status of HIC studying in public special education institutes of Punjab, a survey was conducted. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to get data from teachers working in 30 randomly selected institutes. A self-developed questionnaire (Cronbach alpha, 0.8) was mailed to get data. SPSS was used for quantitative analysis of data obtained from 107 questionnaires containing information about 886 HIC studying in the special schools. Sign language was found as a common mode of communication. Those using an oral mode of communication were at the word level. The aural approach of teaching was getting acceptance from the teachers. Provision of hearing aid and improvement in speech therapy services were recommended.

The awakening has spoken to women's issues across time in many corners of the world regardless of caste, faith, nationality. Being a semi-autobiographical American-Novel, The Awakening was a catharsis against the late-19th-century Victorian constraints on Southern American women. The text challenged the hold of Victorian shackles on women's social, personal, marital, and sexual rights. Although the text had poor critical reception in its own time, it was reaccredited in the 1950s. Since then, the novel has kept on enlightening its readers through its powerful female-characters across times and cultures. This study revisits how the text reflected women's individualism; how readers responded to it, and how it has contributed a change to women's position. The analogy also signifies the degree to which the study could encourage the suppressed women's voice in Pakistan against—social, personal, marital, sexual —injustices that are done to them under cultural shackles, religious romanticizing, and androcentric norms.

The study explores the transformation in great power politics and factors affecting the dynamics of the Middle Eastern political landscape, such as the relationships between ideological arch-rivals of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Israel. The closing up of the relationship between KSA and Israel is a historic transformation, holding immense potential embodying change in the strategic landscape of the Middle East. The article argues that the changing dynamics of global power politics has polarised the political dynamics of the Middle Eastern region along opposite poles. The US, China and Russian involvement in the Middle Eastern region have pushed the ideological arch-rival of KSA to the US and Israel, pushing Iran to tilt towards Russia and China in the region. Therefore, the significance of the study lies in the changing nature of international structure and the way this shift has impacted the inter-dynamics of Saudi-Israeli cooperation in the Middle East.

Education is unavoidable for the survival of humans being. Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU), Islamabad, is one of the institutions which plays an effective role in the cause of education. The objective of the study is to see the perception and level of satisfaction of the students and Resource Persons (RPs) about the online workshop offered by the AIOU for the Spring Semester 2020 (SS-2020). Data was collected through questionnaires. The population consists of B.Ed (Bachelor of Education) students and RPs who have conducted the online workshop. A sample of 300 students, including 200 male, 100 female students and 20 RPs, were chosen for the study. A convenient sampling technique was applied to the study. The study was a descriptive quantitative in nature. The data were analyzed by applying percentages. Results revealed that the majority of the students and RPs were satisfied with the online workshop as it provided an inclusive environment of learning and supported their learning. It shows that online workshop plays a momentous role in the delivery of education. The study in hand was significant for the teachers and students of AIOU.

This study aims to understand the clashes between American economic fundamentalists and Islamic religious fundamentalists in South Asia regarding Nadeem Aslam's The Blind Man's Garden (2013). The study explores that the economic entrepreneurs of the neo-imperialists give birth to counterproductive acts of religiosity. It shows how the ugliness of economic hunger is adroitly hidden behind the polished face of globalization, just as the priggish and snobbish religiosity of Muslim fundamentalists encloses their avarice for power and wealth. Using Tariq Ali's theory of Clashes of Fundamentalisms, the study proves that the root cause of civilizational clashes is the outcome of conflicts of interests between Western economic fundamentalists and Muslim religious fundamentalists. The study concludes the economic, political, cultural and strategic motives working behind the goals of establishing neo-imperialism through the elimination of borders for neo-liberalist gains in the wake of the war on terror.

In Pakistan, the teacher education program has undergone a number of changes in terms of a new curriculum, quality measures and certification policies. The present study has attempted to assess the effectiveness of the program from student-teachers' perspectives. A closed-ended questionnaire was used to collect data from 200 student-teachers from four public sector universities. An initial descriptive analysis showed that teaching quality has slightly improved. An institution with a better learning environment was better at meeting student-teachers expectation. Only 12% of the participants reported that 100% of their expectations were met, while 40% of the participants reported that 80% of their expectations were met by the program. There was no association between Strengths of the Program and Sex' as, ?2 (2, n = 165) = .588, p >.05, phi = .06. The association between Program Level (ADE, B. Ed) and Perceived Strengths of the Program was statistically significant as ?2 (3, n = 165) = 24.725, p >.0005, phi = .380. Institution Type and Perceived Strengths of the Program were also statistically significantly associated as ?2 (9, n= 165) = 80.060, p<.05.

Urdu, Punjabi and Pothwari are the three most widely spoken languages in Pakistan and India. Historical invasions and colonization resulted in the dispersal of the local population, causing numerous dialects of each language. There are different theories and myths about the historical connection of these languages. One such theory says that Pothwari is a variant of the Punjabi language. This might be due to the perception that Pothwari has so far been unable to claim the status of an independent language and thus, has a subordinated, relegated or inferior social status. The main reason behind this might be the folk linguistic perceptions that connect this great Oriental language with the uneducated and the unrefined. Though Urdu, Punjabi and Pothwari have sprung from the same ancestral source, they have developed uniquely over centuries. This article explores how the shared features between these three languages have diverged over time, causing great linguistic diversification

Self-esteem describes a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value. It is often seen as a personality trait, which means that it tends to be stable and enduring. Self-Esteem can involve a variety of beliefs about self, such as the appraisal of one's own appearance, beliefs, emotions and behavior. The target population of this study was the students of universities at Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Data was collected through a stratified random sampling technique. Two universities were selected, and an equal number of students from each university was targeted to constitute a sample of 510 respondents. Data were analyzed with various statistics, which provided an insight that students differ in terms of self-esteem. It was concluded that Younger students (1st and 2nd semester) experience higher self-esteem than the older students; younger students also have higher scores on selfacceptance and self-competence, and academic competence, while older students (3rd & 4th semester) have a higher score on physical and social competence.

This critique endeavors to analyze Alex Michaelides' novel The Silent Patient (2019) in the light of Lyotard's theoretical philosophy of postmodernism. Postmodernism is a contemporary movement that poses significant challenges to conventional assumptions of knowledge, rationality, truth, and objectivity. The concept of postmodernity also involves the discussion of a complex set of ideas and theoretical discourses which resist a fixed definition and final closure. Jean Francois Lyotard's theory of postmodern metanarratives versus mininarratives was proposed and published in his The Postmodern Condition (1979). For this study, textual analysis as a research method has been used to trace the presence of postmodern characteristics in certain words, dialogues and conversations between the characters. The research ends with findings and recommendations for future research.

Public diplomacy is an attempt made by governments to correspond directly with foreign publics. Each country has its own objectives to fulfil through public diplomacy, including image building and relationship building in the longer run. Nowadays, states frequently utilize Public Diplomacy to pursue their national interests. Pakistan is among the states that suffer from the menace of a negative perception owing to the countryÂ’s association with terrorism and instability. Now that the country has effectively won the War on Terror and an improved internal security situation prevails, the next step shall be towards improving its reputation by using public diplomacy. In this article, the authors delve into emphasizing why public diplomacy is imperative and the need of the hour for Pakistan, and how it can reform and rebuild its international image by employing an effective public diplomacy strategy.

Multinational and local food manufacturing is one of the fastest-growing industries around the global food markets. The current study aimed to explore the improvement framework of both multinational and national food manufacturing companies of Pakistan. This present qualitative study employed a phenomenological research design to explore the phenomena in-depth. The interview protocol was developed to collect the data. A convenient sampling technique was used to draw a sample of the study where three respondents were selected from multinational and three from local manufacturers. Data were qualitatively analyzed to identify significant themes. The key finding of the study was that the multinational companies engaged in food manufacturing and catering services in Pakistan are having a comparatively better management system. The current study also revealed that local organizations still need an update in their system as their efforts are not up to the mark. The study further recommends that there is a dire need to update customer response management system at national level organizations.

The aim of writing article in hand is to critically determine whether in our legal system any attention is paid towards recovering, preserving, collecting, and covering the documentary and digital evidence and using modern techniques to analyze it sufficient to ensure its admissibility in national and international courts. This article has completed this task by conducting a purely qualitative study of case laws and critically examining 2014 international protocols documentation and investigation of sexual assault cases. The main objective of this research is four-folds. First are what standards followed internationally for this purpose. Secondly, to review case laws in which guidelines are provided for documentary physical and digital evidence? Thirdly to deeply analyze those new techniques up to what extent are followed in Pakistan. Fourthly and finally to recommend /suggest that new techniques of Forensic, namely chromatography, should broadly be used in the investigation not only in whitecollar crimes but as well as in other civil and criminal cases.

Prior research provides various views on subordinates' workplace deviated behavior as retaliation against supervisory abuse, the effect of abusive supervision (AS) on subordinates as a group and their interpersonal relations gets poor attention. Grounded on the social exchange theory, the present study presents a model where a group of subordinates exhibits seemingly opposite discretionary behaviors in integration to combat supervisory abuse. In particular, this study posits that subordinates who experience abuse from the same supervisor form a group. This group bond provides them with enough power to involve in deviant behavior against their supervisor and supervisor's favored coworkers. Multiple source data were collected, and linear hierarchal regression in addition to process macro methodology was used for data analysis. Findings support the mediation hypotheses partially.

The study was conducted specifically to examine the role of forensic experts and Sindh police in investigating various crimes in the Karachi and Hyderabad areas. Forensic science can use technical expertise to detect, identify and prosecute criminals. In Pakistan, the application and understanding of forensic science in law enforcement agencies is increasing. This research has been analyzed with the help of qualitative research methodology. When forensic experts were asked if forensic evidence in court is a comprehensive defense, it was found that about 93.3% has agreed on it, while 6.7% denied it. When police participants were asked if modern forensic techniques could give immediate results in any case, 58.8% agreed, while 41.2% refused. This signifies that 58.8% of police respondents have less forensic knowledge and acquaintance. The biggest obstacles are lack of funds and lack of trained personnel, equipment and laboratories. The future of forensic science in Sindh will depend on overcoming the barriers and strengthening capacity building and improvement.

Native American history, for its ceremonial/cyclic time sequence, is often seen as a part of Native American mythology. Regarding civilization, Euro-American historians compare it with Reason, and hence, undermine the view of Native American history as the factual assessment of the aboriginal world. Deriving methodical approaches from the insights of Norman K. Denzin, this article aims to explore within the domain of Native American non-literary writings the nature of Native American history. The analysis of the methodical connection between historical thick interpretation and its praxis in Native American historiography illustrates the dynamics of Native American philosophy of history disregarded by Eurocentrism. This analysis employs critical techniques anchored in the historical thick inscription proposed by Denzin to understand the philosophy of Native American history Vine Deloria Jr. represents in God Is Red concerning modern historiographical modes.

This study investigates the underlying reasons behind the limited offering of micro-takaful(insurance) products by takaful operators in Pakistan and suggests solutions to enhance thegrowth of micro-takaful products in the country. The study is qualitative in nature. The researchers conducted atotal of twenty (20) semi-structured interviews of relevant Islamic finance practitioners (5 sales heads, 5 businessheads, 5 product development heads, and 5 sales agents) working at all five takaful operators (Dawood FamilyTakaful Ltd., Pak-Qatar General Takaful, Pak-Qatar Family Takaful, Pak Kuwait Takaful, Takaful Pakistan Limited)operating in Pakistan. NVIVO 12 software was used for generating items, codes, word clouds and text searchqueries. According to the findings of this study, the issues faced by practitioners include the poor financialcondition of the public, lack of sufficient funds with takaful operators, lack of cooperation among takaful operators,lack of customer awareness and interest, lack of takaful experts and diversified takaful products, absence of aculture of takaful practices, and lack of research and product development in the field of micro-takaful.Academicians should develop suitable micro-takaful products according to the needs of the public, and theregulator can require takaful operators to offer micro-takaful products.

The research attempts to evaluate the depiction of women's oppression in specific postcolonial contexts at the hands of the interlocked power pattern formed by manifold factors like patriarchy, class conflict, religion, ethnicity and imperialism in the selected poetry of the renowned Pakistani poetess Fehmida Riaz, the Latino American Poetess Pat Mora, and the Japanese poetess Sanbonmatsu. It applies the theory of Postcolonial Feminism to bring to the fore the oppression of postcolonial women at the intersection of gender, class, race, religion and culture, hence, offering a critique of Western Feminist discourse and its slogan of sisterhood, which tends to erase heterogeneity in women's situations across the globe. The theory of Third World Feminism as well as the portrayals in these poetic compositions from a variety of postcolonial social formations, highlight the fact that postcolonial women are not a monolithic and archetypal suffering category as presented in Western discourses; instead, their resistant agency and subversive subjectivity also stands at the center of their creative writings.

Modernist discourses centralize feminine sensuality as an indicator of a female’s autonomy; generally, they denounce religious or traditional constraints related to its expression. In particular, liberal feminism rejects normative constraints on female sensuousness, which are argued to enforce gendered restrictions. Amid these popular considerations, there has been a remarkable increase in interest in postcolonial women’s approach to sensuality. Being perceived as sensually submissive by their faith, the question which continually surfaces is: is the sensual ethics of postcolonial women shaped by their religion? Or are they shaped by the societal considerations and values of the society they are born into? This paper addresses this question by considering the varied choices of sensual behaviour adopted by female characters in the postcolonial text, Twilight in Delhi, written by Ahmad Ali. By approaching the decadent culture of Delhi in this novel from a feminist perspective, this paper analyses the feminine sensuality of the Indian women and considers their assumptions about what counts as an appropriate choice for them within the cultural context of Indian society. This paper concludes that the sensual inhibition of these women is conditioned by the cultural bias towards the female gender that connects shame and guilt with their sensual desires in a traditional Indian society.

Electoral symbols have a significant role in electoral campaigns. Political parties used stamps to propagate their political stance and to organize political behavior around their programs. The political symbolism demonstrates different meanings to different people due to their socio-political orientations.Some political parties tried to use electoral symbols more proactively than others. These multi-layered meanings led to the articulate political interests of social groups. There are many questions unanswered regarding the impact and use of the political symbol. Can election symbols influence particular areas more than the rest of the country? Does electoral symbol matter in electoral victory? This paper is an attempt to explore the politics and use of symbols in electoral politics. In the electoral politics of Pakistan, the study of electoral symbols is unique due to its multiple uses in highly polarized electoral contexts. The study concludes that political parties use electoral symbols tactfully to maximize their vote bank. A qualitative approach has been used to investigate a core question

Security implausibility due to a long history of conflict and the poor governess made a major contribution to making Afghanistan one of the unstable countries in the world, which poses a potential security risk for their surroundings. Instability in Afghanistan has a great impact on the security of Pakistan.Afghanistan's ability to overcome its security problems has a significant impact not only on the security and development of Pakistan but also the entire region. Furthermore, this paper will provide an overview of the importance, suggestions, and security policy of Pakistan. The Obama administration's strategy in Pakistan, particularly-in FATA, in which US drone strikes occurred, has generated insecurity in Pakistan. Therefore, the Imran Khan Government severely opposes the drone strikes and calls it a violation of the sovereignty and honor of the country.Finally, the paper highlights insecurity and instability in Afghanistan has serious regional implications. Consequently,a stable Afghanistan is more likely to make a contribution to regional security and serve as an economic partner

The primary purpose of parliamentarian is to make legislation to enable the lives of the people as per the requirements of the teachings of Islam (Quran and Sunnah) as described in Objectives Resolution 1949 and the constitution of 1973. In the parliamentary system of Pakistan, women's share as elected representatives is very low. Despite a low share in representation, there are some women's voices that reflect the sentiments of Islamic legislation. There is a wide array of academic scholarship on Islam and women's politics. This scholarship is divided into dogmatic conservative interpretation and liberal and modern interpretation. The dogmatic interpretive knowledge production is not in favour of women's political space but on the other side, modern liberal interpretive knowledge production explains the concept of modernity in Islam and favoured women's political participation. This paper explains the nature of knowledge production on Islam and women politics within the framework of dogmatism and modern interpretive perspective. The modern interpretivism claim that women have equal rights in political representation on the principle of gender equality. Dogmatists claim that women need to live as per prescribed limits set by the sacred injunctions.

Right from its inception in 1947, Pakistan has been ruled by an elitist pattern inherited by British Colonial rule. After eleven years of authoritarian dictatorship under General Ayub Khan, the people of Pakistan launched a movement that was a class-conscious movement in its nature. The movement gave rise to Bhutto, and after the sad demise of the Eastern wing of the country, he took over the power. Though he implemented the unmatched egalitarian reforms in various sectors but espoused "Bonapartist" actions not only against his political opponents but his own party stalwarts, journalists and trade unionists, which shadowed his revolutionary reformist agenda. Such "fascist" populism paved the way for another military dictatorship which tore up the very fabric of democratic norms and civilian supremacy. The study examines the transition from elitist authoritarianism to Bonapartist populism. The regime shift was followed by the installation of various elitist groups led to the re-emergence of the same elitist authoritarian rule cultured by Gen. Ayub and his ancestors.

The Indian subcontinent had been ruled by the Mughal Empire for almost three hundred years. The regime was marked for its ethnic, cultural, and religious multiplicity. The Mughals utilized the narratives of belonging as a part of their state-building objectives for which diverse cultural, social, and to a great level, religious identities merged. This article concentrates on the significance of poetry in history as a social and political instrument via the selected poems of Bulleh Shah, a poet of the Punjabi language (1680-1757). It aims to exhibit the linkage between the religious, political, and cultural aspects of the Mughal Regime in the sub-continent to pinpoint a liaison between the political and social dynamics of power while establishing statehood. In this regard,the poetic heirloom of Bulleh Shah is persistent in understanding not only the cultural prominence of the Mughal Regime but also the cultural bridge between the religious and political hierarchy of the region.

This paper analyses the discursive representation of the Indian natives' resistance to British imperialism in Hyder's River of Fire. The violent resistance to British Empire by Indian natives has been termed as 'mutiny' by imperial discourses whereas postcolonial discourses term it the heroic 'war of independence'. In the backdrop of postcolonial theory and the concept of counter discourse, the discursivere presentation of violent resistance to British Imperialism is highlighted. Hyder has portrayed the events of 1857as a heroic response of vibrant culture to the cunning rulers of the British Empire.

The Middle East's geopolitical terrain has historically been marked by tensions and conflicts, with the relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran being one of the most consequential factors. The global powers, particularly the US and China, should mediate the potential rapprochement between these regional powers. A study of the US and China's potential role as facilitators in the Iran-Saudi Arabian reconciliation reveals a complicated web of geopolitical, strategic, and economic variables. The changing global power structure and the possible alteration of regional dynamics are both significant. The paper delves into the changing relationships between Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Turkey in Northeast Africa. It explores the historical connections,recent developments, and each country's motivations in the region. Explaining the future course of Middle Eastern politics and the larger field of international relations requires understanding the subtleties of the policies formulated by the US, China, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.