The study looked at the connection between intermediate-level students' academic performance and emotional intelligence. Three hundred and fifty (350) intermediate-level students from public institutions of District Attock participated in the study. Surveys were used to gather information to assess emotional intelligence. Academic success was measured in terms of the percentage of students who had finished their first year of college. In order to arrange and statistically evaluate the acquired data, the Mean, SD, and Pearson's correlation were computed. The research revealed a strong connection in academic success and the emotional intelligence (EI) of college students.

This paper aims at building frequency profiles based on transitivity patterns of a small number of text corpora belonging to Pakistani English newspaper editorials. The profiles have been built by using UAM Corpus Tool (O’ Donnell, 2008) to explore transitivity features. The empirical analysis then has been compared with the frequency profiles of English language (Matthiessen, 2006 and Stubbs, 1996) to establish common features. The present work draws inspiration by Michael Halliday who is known as one of the pioneer corpus linguists since his early work on the Chinese language (Halliday 1956, cited in Halliday 1993). Mapping his (ibid) study on the BNC model he concluded that the relative frequencies of past and non-past are about 50-50 and the relative frequencies of positive and negative are about 9-1 (reported in Halliday 1993). Similarly, the present study looks closer to Standard English, and this is partially because the editorials are written by professional writers, and are well edited before printing.

The study aimed to analyze the current and expected level of the ethics and morality in high school education. A Quantitative Survey Research Design was applied by the study. The required data needed to be specific and relevant, therefore, the stratified random sampling technique was used to collect data from a population of all stakeholders of education in the Punjab: teachers, parents, students, administrators, policy makers and curriculum developers. The data was collected from 500 participants who used Thurstone scale to show their priorities by scaling the 77 items of the 7 questions regarding their importance and these collected priorities were further analyzed by using Borda Count Method “to explore the degree of intensity of the prioritized items”. According to the result of the study, the current status of the concepts of ethics and morality taught at the secondary level is not up to the required standards and lack planning. Therefore, to develop moral attitude, the religious and spiritual values need to be inculcated through moral stories and disciplinary rules using lecture, group discussion and story-telling methods to ensure overall personality development with social adjustability. It is recommended by the researchers to revise the existing curriculum to make it practical and operational for the optimum effectiveness.

The purpose of the study is to identity and develops a comprehensive construct for the entrepreneurs in Pakistani context. The study has used qualitative review to highlight the reasons of entrepreneurship and issues faced by emerging entrepreneurs in Pakistan. The study intended to investigate the extant literature on Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition. The researchers focused on reputed and leading journals in order to contribute in a more objective manner. A comprehend review indicates that not just entrepreneurial factors but also shows how setups are branded. The study also highlights a comprehensive psychological model for quantitative testing. The previous studies only shows the importance and factors of entrepreneurship, however, this study also have highlighted the reasons for branding in emerging entrepreneurship. The study will impact to elaborate clearly on the information's about not only entrepreneurship but also the directions towards branding.

The purpose of this study is to find out the slang expressions that are used in the path of political speeches of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan, who has been the Prime Minister from August 18, 2018 to April 10, 2022. The study was based on the qualitative method where the researchers aim to discover and detect Imran Khan's informal impressions taken from his political speeches. There are two types of language expression; one is standard language expression and other is non-standard language expression and non-standard language is also known as slang language expression. To fulfill the objectives of the present study, the research collected data from Imran Khan's political speeches. The data was examined through the theory of Allan and Burridge (2006), which divides slang expressions into 5 types. They are fresh and creative, 2) flippant, 3) imitative, 4) acronyms, and 5) clipping. The results showed that there were many slang words that are totally inappropriate in public, but were still used by him. Among them, the most used words are fresh and flippant types.

The study focuses on difficult emotions experienced by the functional heads of two leading textile companies in Pakistan during the peak waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. It explicates the coping strategies developed at individual and group levels and provides a unique indigenous narrative of how leaders manage their emotional journey during the pandemic. The research design was qualitative, and in-depth semi-structured interviews were the primary method for data collection. The findings highlighted that the participants experienced fear, anxiety, loneliness, and frustration due to the COVID-19 pandemic and it also unveiled the measures adopted at organizational and national levels to manage and contain the viral spread. Furthermore, managers who accepted their own and their teammates' emotions were able to develop effective coping strategies to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. The study contributes towards understanding human emotions in the workplace and how organizational leadership inculcates different coping strategies to process these emotions.

In this study, the proposed model of acceptance factors of cryptocurrencies was analyzed to recognize user behavioral intention by using; web quality, facilitating conditions, perceived risk, e-WOM, and perceived ease of use with the mediating role of the trust factor. An efficient and effective better arrangement of understanding this unique virtual delusion of the use of cryptocurrencies has become an essential part of the virtual world for each stakeholder. So many deliberations on the regulatory frameworks of cryptocurrencies have taken place among government regulators, financial advisors, tax consultants, politicians, thinkers, economists, and lawmakers, but there is inconclusive evidence on legislation in Pakistan.

This research paper investigates the universality and enduring relevance of Shakespeare'sworks across cultures and societies. Through an analysis of his masterful use of language and exploration of fundamental human experiences, such as love, loss, and power, this paper argues that Shakespeare's characters and stories continue to resonate with contemporary audiences. The paper highlights the broad range of themes tackled by Shakespeare, including politics, gender, and social norms, and their relevance to the human experience. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes how Shakespeare's works provide valuable insight into the cultural and societal norms of his time, and how his exploration of complex ideas and themes through language demonstrates the power of literature.This paper highlights the importance of exploring the timelessness and relevance of Shakespeare's works across cultures and societies to connect us to each other and the larger world. The paper concludes that the universality of Shakespeare's works reflects the capacity of art to transcend time and place and the enduring power of the human imagination.

The Great Game of 19th century between the Imperial British and Czarist Russia encapsulated the geo-political tactics and strategies of expansion which paved the way for their intense rivalry and competition in Central Asia. Great Game was power politics to gain influence, authority and ascendancy in the region. It was a game having rules and boundaries for the worthy players (Ahmad, 2017). The geo-strategic location of Afghanistan and Tribal Belt made them pawns on the geo-political chessboard of the Great Game. Afghanistan’s location was vital for carving out a buffer state, moreover it was considered more pragmatic to declare the adjacent Tribal Belt a buffer to the buffer. The Great Game revolved around moving one’s pawns on the chessboard with acumen. Afghanistan being the buffer state and the Tribal Belt as buffer to the buffer were used to avoid escalation and to move the pawns on the chessboard whenever expedient.

Background:Caesarean section has become an emerging issue and catching attention worldwide. Shared decision-making among families and individuals has become a fashion and the main reason for women's preference for caesarean section. There are many societal factors that play an important role in unnecessary caesarean sections. Objective: To evaluate the driving factors influencing the women's preference and decision-making for caesarean section at the mother's request. Material and method: Qualitative research design used in this study via face-to-face in-depth interviews in a public-sector Faisalabad. IDI was conducted at the convenient time of the participant at the time of their antenatal visits. The interview's time was 30 to 40 minutes. The study's participants were pregnant women. A purposive sampling method was used. Data analysis was done on Nviovo software. Results: After transcribing the data, codes were made which leads to the basic themes with their sub-themes. The themes which were the influencing factors in women's preference and shared decision-making towards  caesarean section were: child and maternal health, peer pressure (husband/mother-in-law/society influence), financial influence and hospital management (shortage of staff). Conclusion: The percentage of non-indicated caesarean sections has drastically increased day by day in the last ten years. There should be introduced some strategies for the education of women about pro cons and indications or non-indication for caesarean section.Patients' and peer preferences should be deliberated with healthcare practitioners. Healthcare staff should explain the indications of caesarean section at the time of antenatal.

This research analyses the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) and official development assistance with financial   development in determining the economic growth (EG) of selected Asian countries by using data from 2003 to 2018. In this research, we investigate the important role of official development assistance (ODA) and foreign direct investment along with other variables affecting GDP in selected Asian countries. By using panel data, a random effect technique is used to highlight the impact of ODA and FDI on GDP in selected Asian countries. The study results showed that official development assistance, urban population growth, and financial development have increased GDP in these countries. Findings suggest that a stable economic and political environment must be provided for further foreign aid and foreign direct investment. More credit facilities must be provided to the general public for more investment and economic growth.

This study aims to extend the literature on workplace bullying and its impact on knowledge hiding directly and through the mediation of emotional exhaustion and psychological empowerment as a moderator after collecting data from 600 nursing staff working in public and private hospitals in Pakistan. The results revealed the negative impact of workplace bullying (WB) on knowledge sharing directly and partially with the mediation of emotional exhaustion (EE). However, the impact is reduced through the moderating effect of psychological empowerment (PE). The finding of our study has several implications for healthcare institutions or academic leaders and policymakers of organizations.

Islam is a complete religion that addresses every facet of existence. Islam's political structure is based on the caliphate. During the early years of Islam, the Pious Caliphate ruled for over three decades. Since then, there has been debate and conflict over whether the Caliphate can be revived on its original principles. The author of this essay, Dr. Israr Ahmed, who founded the Tanzeem-e-Islami organization, the Society of Khudam-ul-Quran, and served as the Caliphate's preacher, presents and analyzes his points of view on this topic. He dedicated his entire life to educating Pakistan's population about the actual political system of Islam and how Pakistan is falling behind. His opinions on the state of democracy, the political system, the problem of dual citizenship, and Islamic institutions in the context of the Caliphate in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan are discussed in the article.

The current study was carried out on framing the ongoing debate on the inter-relationship which exists between social media and traditional media news coverages. Its particular focus is to analyze how both mediums focus on their topic selection when it comes to prioritizing an issue to be presented at the top. By employing the content analysis technique of the Facebook posts and newspaper articles the study tried to sort out to what extent differences exist in traditional media and social media coverage with respect to the selection of the topic in Pakistan. The researchers used Chi-square tests to weigh up the use of alternative media and the frame selection of social media in the selected timeline. The study concluded that social media and traditional media react differently when covering social issues. Social media showed better interaction patterns on grass root issues whereas traditional media focused more on covering political issues.

The role of social media in academic settings has increased manifold. Both the teachers and the learners inside as well as outside classrooms use social media for different academic purposes. The present study was conducted to research to what extent the use of social media has become a fast way of material development in Pakistani ELT setting. Generally, social media is being used for getting and sharing information through different social media platforms: Facebook, whatsapp, YouTube along with other websites. The question is how social media is being used one of the medium for the development of material for four language skills? The data was collected through two major sources of survey and interviews from both the teachers and the learners. The data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively to reach the results. The findings answered the question that social media can be used as a source of material development in Pakistani ELT settings. This research will open the doors of further explorations in the same domain.

The goal of this study is to determine the link between educational and religious freedom and prosperity in 45 countries from 2009 to 2018. Using the GMM system, the researchers were able to analyze the data. They found that academic and religious freedom is associated with increased prosperity. The collaboration of religious and academic freedom is also positive, which indicates that the two factors can contribute to the increase in prosperity. The researchers introduced the term "government effectiveness" to describe the relationship between capital formation and economic prosperity. The researchers used trade openness and gross fixed capital formation as control variables. Although they have a positive impact on the overall economy, they are not able to provide a significant boost to the prosperity of low-income countries. Therefore, the researchers recommend that educational and religious freedom be included in the government's efforts to improve the economic prosperity of these countries.

A simultaneous equation technique was used to investigate the relationship between capital flight (CF) and external debt (the financial revolving door theory) in Pakistan. Time series data from 1984 to 2020 are used to determine the algorithm. Using an appropriate approach, the research contributes to the measurement of capital flight from Pakistan. Three Stages Least Square is used in this study to examine institutions' relationships with capital market literature. (3SLS method). The study found that poor governance, inflation, external debt, and interest rate differentials caused CF and capital outflow by creating an unstable and unfavourable environment for savings and investment. CF causes external borrowings and world capital market borrowing. Capital retention is crucial due to this and ecological development policies. The Granger Causality Test validates Pakistan's Financial Revolving Door Hypothesis. The study concludes with policy suggestions.

The word adolescence is used interchangeably with young people. This current research aims to formulate and evaluate an indigenous scale to assess life skills in adolescents. The scale was standardized in multiple phases including the search for relevant constructs and item generation, initial data collection and empirical analysis. Forty-six items were finalized through a committee approach for initial data collection. A sample of the current research was taken from the Peshawar division. Principal Component Analysis with varimax rotation was run. KMO and Bartlet Test of Sphericity were found significant (χ2 = 15060, p < .001). 38 items and six different sub-domains were identified. The Social and Emotional Competence Questionnaire (SEC-Q) and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale confirmed this new scale. (DASS). Validation was verified. Exploratory factor analysis checked factor loadings. Life Skills tool, an adolescent tool, is reliable.

Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes has viewed the Id as subservient to ideology. The study focuses on Karl Marx's concept of Ideology and the Freudian Id. In the novel, a character namely Maria has a strong Id which dominates her ideology. Her act of masturbation and feeling of erotic pleasure shows a lack of repression. She is ruled by carnality as the proletariat is ruled by the bourgeois. The present analysis aims to throw light on all erotic experiences of Maria which reveal that her ideology is subservient to the id. The researcher aims to find out that healthy repression of sexual desires distinguishes humans from animals and that an individual can become productive in society. Healthy repression converts psychic energy into artistic creation. Out of curbing eroticism, the ideology becomes operational. Consequently, culture, religion, morality and creativity are introduced and practised and society becomes balanced.

The main objective of the current study is to identify and investigate the significance of animals' representation on Maues coins and to assess and analyse the political history of Maues in the Gandhara region. Maues was one of the most notable rulers of the Indo-Scythian dynasty, who ruled over Gandhara and the surrounding regions during the 1st century BCE. This research is based on a qualitative research approach, which involves the analysis and interpretation of secondary sources. The data was derived from scholarly articles, books, and online resources on the Indo-Scythian dynasty. Maues coins are a fascinating aspect of ancient numismatics, and they feature various animals, including elephants, lions, bulls, and horses. The animal motifs on Indo-Scythian coins provide a charming glimpse into the culture and symbolism of this ancient period.

The term "feudalism" is often used to describe a social order in which land is held by an elite group that is not subservient to a monarchy or government. In return for their service to the king or his kingdom, his subjects are granted land. In the feudal system, the male head of the family (typically a large joint family) is accountable for the maintenance of the home and the land that has been bequeathed to him. It is true that the social structures of feudalisms in Medieval Europe and Medieval India shared some similarities; however, the feudalism that developed in Pakistan (which was a descendant of Indian feudalism) had its own unique roots and characteristics that were shaped by local history (such as the influence and intent of invaders) and culture. According to land reforms
adopted in 1959, each individual's yearly produce from 500 irrigated and 1000 non-irrigated acres was capped at 36,000 index units. This study looks at what happened to feudalism in Pakistan's Southern Punjab between 1969 and 1990, and it offers solutions to the problems that led to its decline.

Imagination involves holding onto an idea until it is transformed into a possibility. By forming an imaginary world full of adventures, advertising creatively plays with viewers' imaginations. Such a material and commercial gain may have dangerous outcomes as well as whatever the audience sees on television, majority considers it truth, correct or believable. After watching flashy advertisements pre-adults are compelled to purchase expensive products as well it affects their imagination and  creativity. Under the umbrella of cultivation theory the study asserts that exposure to adventurous television advertisements is creating adventurism in Pakistani youth, leading to imitation of stunts,frustration and persistence.

This research intends to study geostrategic and eco-political threats attached to China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) concerning Pakistani media coverage of Dasu attack in 2021. While 13 workers, including Chinese engineers were killed which resultantly resurfaced the security threat attached to this project. To analyze the media’s apprehension about the incident and framing trends, editorials of four leading newspapers, two English; Dawn and The Nation, two Urdu: Daily Jang and Daily Express, were selected with a duration from July 1, 2021 to November 30, 2022. Previous studies helped in determining to incorporate ‘threat frame’ to be analyzed in editorials which further lead to quantify its coverage frequency. The findings revealed that newspapers indicated towards threats of security, insurgencies, internal and external terrorism attacks with serious apprehension to be resolved. The findings also concluded that editorial manuscripts help in steering and determining geopolitical issues in constructive ways.

The Safe City Project is a complex phenomenon based on the Internet of Things (IoT), interconnected devices using Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The purpose of this study is to explore the challenges faced in the development of Safe City Projects. For this purpose, an exploratory case study was conducted in two main cities i.e. Lahore and Islamabad, Pakistan. Some challenges faced by the management while deploying such projects have been discussed. The population is the top management, Middle management, and lower management. Twenty interviews have been taken from Islamabad and Lahore Safe City Projects. Data were analyzed by Creswell's (2009) technique which outlined the six steps to analyzing case study data in order to develop different patterns, themes and descriptions. The finding of this research reflects that Lahore Safe City Project seems to be more successful whereas the results of the Islamabad Safe City Project reflect partial success. Based on the research findings, this research also documents challenges and their remedial strategies to overcome those issues for better implementation of a Safe City Project in future.

Social media provide a platform for discussion on various issues that often gets ignored in our day-to-day life. In order to keep ourselves connected with the entire world and remain updated about what all is taking place or happening around us, youth is mostly inclined towards using social media for information. It has been seen utilization of social media is becoming more and more effective to mold opinion and in changing their mind-set of the youth. The usage of social media among youth in Punjab, Pakistan offers ample opportunity for evaluation. To investigate the impact of social media usage on educational learning, social behavior, and political awareness among the youth in Punjab, a research study was carried out. The study employed a survey research design, and data was collected through the use of questionnaires.

Environmental issues are contemplated as the most frightening and challenging issues that occurred due to climate change. These environmental issues are disturbing the whole world including living species. Pakistan is also facing issues regarding environmental changes. Pakistan is considered the 7th most susceptible country in terms of environmental disasters. The current research is conducted to study and analyze the treatment of Pakistani English papers in the coverage of ecological issues and the basic drive of this research is to evaluate the “media representation of environmental issues” as discussed in leading Pakistani dailies (Dawn and The News). The content analysis is used to know the frequency and direction of environmental issues. The universe of the study contains textual content of print media including news stories and editorials. It is concluded that The News, gives more coverage to environmental issues as compared to Dawn newspaper in terms of news stories and editorials.

Students with special needs have come a long way in their education. Numerous transitions have taken place from special education (SPED) to integrated education, as well as from collaborative learning to inclusive education. The objective of the study was to explore teachers' challenges, obstacles in the teaching-learning process and collaborative impediments. This study's respondents were chosen using the purposive sampling technique. The problems and difficulties faced by SPED educators were identified using the Qualitative Research Method (QRM). Data were analysed using a thematic approach. This paper concludes that accessibility, lack of interdisciplinary team, insufficient technological aids, s/t ratio, community attitudes, transition, policy gaps, budgetary constrain, negative social attitudes, parents' negligence about SEN students and administrative laxity are challenges of SPED department that should need to resolve.

The current study investigated work-related stress, mental health and copying styles of college teachers based on their demographic attributes. A sample of n=176 (males=115; females=61) lecturers working at the college level was taken and surveyed. Self-structured questionnaires consisted of occupational stress, mental health, and copying style. When comparing two different groups, females were more likely inclined to stress and mental health as compared with males (p < 0.05). Married lecturers reported higher mean scores on mental as compared with unmarried lecturers (p < 0.05). The findings showed that there were no statistically significant changes in the research variables based on the participants' age, experience, or type of employment (p > 0.05), with the exception of copying style based on age (p 0.05). When organizing an intervention programmed to advance and promote mental health, these findings must be taken into account.

The pursuit of harmony within a state is known as national integration. National integration connects all facets of society regardless of language, racial background, religion, race, or belief. It is a process based on harmony, interdependence, and most importantly, national awareness. National integration is a sentiment that unites a nation's population. The goal of national integration is to foster awareness of, pride in, and respect for the best elements of our national culture, aspirations, traditions, and a desire to advance our nation. The current study concentrates on several methods of national integration. Additionally, using secondary data, this study endeavour also outlines the notion of nation and nation characteristics.

The study aimed to compare teacher effectiveness in English and Mathematics by using students' ratings on quality factors such as learning environment, instructional planning and strategies, subject matter knowledge, assessment, and effective communication. Through using a multistage sampling technique, the data was obtained from the students of 10th grade (N=2009), who evaluated their teachers' performance on STEQ developed by Akram (2018). The five factors of STEQ exhibited a high level of reliability (α=.88) with factor-wise reliability ranging from 0.74 to 0.86. T-test for independent samples was used to compare boys' and girls', and urban and rural students' perceptions of teacher effectiveness in English and Mathematics. Female teachers were perceived as more effective than male teachers by their students in Mathematics and English, while urban teachers were perceived as more effective as compared to rural teachers by their students in Mathematics and English. Student achievement in English and Mathematics also statistically significantly differed based on the gender of students and school location. The study also gave recommendations.

Research methods and methodology are inherent in research whether it is in the form of a research paper, a dissertation or a book. This paper enables readers to choose how to select a particular research method, methodology, and research approach or research philosophy for a respective study. For this purpose, a presumptive study or hypothesis has been chosen as an example to employ research methods and methodology. For instance, the aim of a study is to investigate the corporate governance framework of Pakistan, to develop a board effectiveness model and to explore the role of institutional investors in order to make the execution of the code of corporate governance true sense. This paper presents the epistemological grounds of this study and the rationale for a qualitative exploratory study using an interpretative and descriptive approach to the enforcement mechanisms of corporate governance, the role and effectiveness of the board of directors and the part of institutional investors in the corporate sector of Pakistan. Furthermore, it provides details of the data collection and data analysis methods used for the said study, establishes the trustworthiness of the study and justifies the ethical considerations involved in the study. This paper would be a meaningful contribution to this existing knowledge, as the reader of this paper will be able to understand how to opt for a suitable methodology for a study.

This study scrutinizes the role of AI literacy and ChatGPT-3 in enhancing critical reasoning and journalistic writing competencies among 50 third-term journalism students at Tajik National University. Given the escalating relevance of AI across sectors, including journalism, we aim to highlight the potential advantages of incorporating AI utilities in journalism pedagogy. We utilized a mixed- methods approach, comprising both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques, for a comprehensive examination of the influence of AI literacy and ChatGPT-3 on student skill development.We gathered insights via surveys and interviews, revealing the impact of AI on learning outcomes. Our findings suggest a significant improvement in students' critical thinking and journalistic writing skills
with ChatGPT-3 usage. The integration of AI tools in the classroom encourages in-depth analysis and collaboration, thereby enhancing students' writing skills. The results underline the importance of AI literacy in journalism education, preparing students for the rapidly transforming, AI-centric journalism industry.

The most convenient and important part of the public transportation system is that provided by public buses, the most practical and cost-effective type of public transportation system. An expert system alone cannot accurately locate a bus stop. The "Natural Movement" theory of Space Syntax provides a deep understanding of "centrality" and urban activity, predicting the city's most dynamic streets and areas that serve as centres of urban activity. This study analyzed the city of Mansehra, Pakistan to provide a scientific evidence-based approach to planning of efficient transportation system. To find the best routes and bus stops, we computed centrality through spatial analysis and urban activity index, and vehicular and pedestrian traffic volume indices. The results of this research highlighted areas that are considered optimal traffic routes, busy city streets, and city centres, and represent the best locations for bus stop spacing in the city.

The study aims to explore the impact of ChatGPT on the writing skills of undergraduate students. This is a qualitative study in which 24 randomly selected students from two private sector universities in Karachi were interviewed and analyzed. The sample size was small but diversified, which was comprised of male and female BS (final year) students from humanities and sciences backgrounds.The data was classified into four categories to show different levels of responses from positive to negative. The result showed a mixed trend in which the majority of students were of the opinion that ChatGPT hinders creative writing, whereas the other group, was of the opinion that it is beneficial if used but under proper supervision / controlled conditions. The responses seem quite reasonable because ChatGPT is still in its infancy stage and may take some time to fully understand its technical aspects. However, more in-depth studies are required for its effective application in different academic areas.

This study examines the correlation between distributed leadership practices of principals, the academic performance of students, and the school climate in government secondary schools in Kohat, Pakistan. It investigates the relationship between the distributed leadership approach of principals and the school atmosphere, as well as its impact on academic achievement. The research involves 30 principals and 198 teachers who completed surveys on distributed leadership practices and school climate. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression models were used for data analysis. The study found a significant correlation between the adoption of distributed leadership by principals and the overall school climate. Furthermore, a moderate correlation was observed between students' academic achievements and the distributed leadership approach of the principal. The research suggests that a principal's distributed leadership positively affects school climate and leads to improved student achievement, although it also indicates a negative impact on students'
academic performance.

This study aims to examine how the ethnic-based Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM) uses collective action frames on Twitter to define problems, assign blame, convey a plan of action, and inspire participation. Social movement framing theory was the guiding theory of the study. The study employed quantitative content analysis. The analysis of tweets revealed that Pashtun Tahafuz Movement was clear about the issues of the Pashtun community and who was responsible for those issues. However, they have few solutions and remedies to offer that could mitigate those problems. As for motivational framing, the study found Twitter to be a campaigning and information-sharing platform for PTM’s public demonstrations. This study contributes to the social movement literature by highlighting how social media, specifically Twitter, can empower and improve the visibility of the previously excluded community disregarded by the established institutes i.e., legacy media and social institutions.

Climate change has meaningful effects on sugar cane production worldwide. The data were collected from Beuro Sindh Karachi. A coefficient of correlation and ANOVA were applied. The results of the coefficient of correlation indicated a positive relationship between climate and sugar cane production. of (0.63) conclude that there is a (Moderate positive correlation between the climate and sugar cane production of the Hyderabad district. The results of the model show that the coefficient of correlation of (0.310) concludes that there is a (Week positive correlation between the climate and sugar cane production in the Badin district. The results of the model show that the coefficient of correlation of (0.088) concludes that there is a (Highly weak positive correlation between the climate and sugar cane production of Shaheed Banazirabad district. The probability value is also less than the
specified value of the level of significance (0.05). So, the production of sugar cane is not the same for all districts.

The rule of law furthers the goals of nationhood and peace throughout developmental processes. It's the bedrock of a free society, and democratic values are nothing more than a buzzword if the courts aren't entirely independent and the legislature and president don't treat them with the respect they deserve. Respect and autonomy thrive when one state institution may rein in the authority of another state institution (a phenomenon known as "horizontal accountability"). The principle of separation of powers among governmental authorities is essential to the rule of law. This paper will compare the rule of law in India and Pakistan, with a particular emphasis on the role of the judiciary in each country's legal system. It will also investigate the facts surrounding the question of whether or not governmental powers are constrained when it comes to protecting citizens' basic liberties. At the same time, the effects of a purely hypothetical version of the rule of law on its observance will be examined. The study will also compare and contrast the two nations' levels of representative government and the ease with which citizens may obtain civil justice.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and student satisfaction of online learning platforms in comparison to traditional classroom settings. A sample of 500 university students was surveyed to gather data on their experiences and perceptions of both learning modes. The study employed a quantitative data collection method. The questionnaires utilized Likert-scale items to measure satisfaction levels and effectiveness ratings. The statistics showed how online learning platforms compare to traditional classrooms in effectiveness and student satisfaction. Students were largely satisfied with both learning styles, with online learning platforms somewhat higher in satisfaction. The study also found that online learning platform accessibility, schedule flexibility, and multimedia resources affect student happiness. Regarding effectiveness, both online learning platforms and traditional classroom settings were perceived as effective by the majority of students. The findings can inform educational institutions and policymakers in their decision-making processes and help improve the design and implementation of online learning platforms.

This study examines the reasons why women get involved in politics, concentrating on the National Assembly and provincial assembly members of Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region. The relevance of family connections, which facilitate women's entry into politics, is revealed via thematic analysis of interview data. Important motivators include persistence, character traits, inspirational leaders, alluring party platforms, and a need for accountability. Women can participate in politics if they are financially independent and have free time. The study expands on earlier research by illuminating the intricate interplay of institutional, cultural, and individual factors influencing women's political involvement. It places a focus on the necessity of addressing gender-related barriers and encouraging educational reforms to provide women with more leadership abilities. For societal change and democratic governance, political decision-making needs to be more gender diverse. The results provide useful information for political parties and authorities looking to create a welcoming environment for women in politics.

The crimes related to religion are known as blasphemy offences in Pakistan. These laws are criticized by many international bodies for being misused in Pakistan. The offences of blasphemy and mental illnesses of the accused are interlinked. There are many known mental disorders and conditions which can put an individual at the greater risk of committing blasphemy. Insanity defense is a defense against the criminal liability of a person suffering from mental disorder. There are several judgements of superior courts in Pakistan which shed light on the insanity defense in blasphemy offences. However, there is much left to bridge the gap between the insanity defense and blasphemy offences considering the developments in mental health science and jurisprudence to meet the ends of justice. It is crucial to build capacity of psychiatrists, psychologists, judges, prosecutors, lawyers, police officers, prison personnels and other relevant stakeholders.

The capital of Azad Jammu and Kashmir is Muzaffarabad, a city that has had a significant historical impact that continues now. Its rich cultural past reflects its unique heritage and historical influences because it is the capital of Azad Jammu Kashmir and is located on historic traveller routes.The district is home to many historical sites that provide proof of its prior civilizational history. Any civilization's living monuments and architectural remains represent the legacy and historic importance of the area. The buildings and construction techniques are passed down through the architectural monuments and ruins, but they also transmit the practices, traditions, and religious beliefs of the different cultures. With the current study, two important aspects of the Hindu legacy that exists in the city's core are covered in depth. The architectural components come first, followed by the interior paintings and frescoes painted inside the temple.

This study examined ten cement businesses that are listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) to determine the impact that working capital management has on a company's profitability. A systematic selection technique was used to choose every tenth of Pakistan's cement industry for the study. The websites of these cement businesses' annual reports were used to gather primary data. Financial ratios were used in the study and quantitative data analysis was used to determine whether the link between the variables was positive or negative. Since a variety of factors also affect return, we added the control variables of firm size (sales log) and sales growth. According to study findings, the Payable Deferred Period (PDP) has a favourable influence on profitability, the Return on Assets has a negative impact on the inventory collection period, and the Receivable Collection Period and PDP are
independent variables, but their relationship is not very strong.

Education is the source of achievement in the world of competition. In addition, it has a significant contribution to the development of human beings. Before it was thought that education only means being able to write and read, but now the concept is totally changed. Modern trends in teaching and learning have been introduced. The emerging world arises technology which has billions of connected devices today in the world even twice the human population. The Internet of Things works on an internet-based system and it is also a sort of network semantic concerned with. Technical learning or E-learning is a way by which people get benefits as it is mini software that we keep in our phones and electronic devices too. Hence, this study anticipated to explore the importance of E-learning and IoT in Education.

Conflicts in schools can arise over a variety of issues, including staff workload, funds, teaching activities and practices in and out of the classroom, rewards and sanctions, assessment procedures, power and authority, tardiness and absences, political opinions, student behavior, dress code, assignments, and placements. This study examined how teachers' dispute resolution strategies affect classroom learning. A study questionnaire was distributed to 200 elementary kids. School disagreements depress teachers and lower their effectiveness. Disappointment, dullness, unwillingness, insensitivity, stress, grief, anxiety, and uneasiness can plague teachers. Before conflict situations, necessary preparations should be made to prevent instructors, students, and the school environment from degrading education and training. Conflict resolution can help schools achieve their goals and benefit students, instructors, and staff. In-service training and seminars should help teachers understand and address school issues.

This research article examines the potential drivers of ethnic terrorism. The ethnic component has typically been ignored by terrorism academia, which has instead concentrated on developing theories that can explain all terrorist violence. The research does cover attributes of ethnic terrorism, whether it is a notion of nationalism or beyond depending on the case. This study focuses on the ethnic groups that why resort to violence to achieve their objective. The research tested the cause of ethnic terrorism based on three theoretical frameworks: political repression, economic grievances and elite competition. The research focuses on the factors driving the Baloch nationalist movement and the adoption of violence by Baloch separatist groups in Pakistan. In the case of Balochistan, three respective hypotheses are built and analyzed. The results demonstrate that political repression raises the risk of ethnic terrorism, although economic resentments or competitive elites are typically not linked to this type of violence

This study seeks special education teachers’ perception of visually impaired students’ social adjustment in inclusive settings with qualitative & exploratory design. The sample of the study included 20 teachers working in inclusive schools in the Lahore district. A self-developed semi-structured interview protocol was administered to collect data with a purposive sampling technique. The instrument’s validity was assured by expert opinion (N=02). The instrument's reliability was confirmed through an extensive literature review. Four major themes were drawn from the thematic analysis of data i.e., teachers’ perception, problems of visually impaired students, peers influence, and teachers’ efforts. Findings revealed teachers perceive orientation and mobility, supportive behaviour, the least restrictive environment, assistive technology, and motivational support as major requirements for social adjustment of visually impaired students in an inclusive set-up. The study recommended appropriate training should be provided to teachers of inclusive settings about the social adjustment of visually impaired students.

Daraz PMO is efficient enough to identify the risks and mitigate them at the earliest. Some low- level resources are responsible for only the Financial Implementation and Human Resource (HR) Practices of the Project Management Office, tracking the projects and working with the teams. To provide better quality, there is a need to introduce controlling PMO, so they will be able to manage the projects in a better way and enhance the Financial Implementation and Human Resource (HR) Practices in Project Management.Furthermore, the PMO needs to constantly work on change through which the overall experience of Daraz users is improved. The functions of PMO in Daraz need to be revised because as the number of projects increases, there is a high need to introduce controlling PMO. After all, the supportive PMO is a low-level and less experienced resource. Therefore, there is a need to maintain their projects in a better way.

This article examines climate-smart adaptation strategies and their impact on agriculture and food security in Punjab's Chakwal District, Pakistan. The study assesses climate change effects, evaluates adaptation methods, and identifies challenges for scaling up. Results show climate change is harming agricultural production, affecting weather patterns and reducing yields. Though climate-smart strategies are implemented, their effectiveness needs improvement. Lack of farmer awareness hinders scaling up. Findings stress raising awareness, providing support, and strengthening institutions for adoption. Policymakers, NGOs, and stakeholders can benefit from the study's implications. Efforts should focus on increasing awareness, support, and institutional strengthening for effective implementation. The survey provides insights for future interventions and policies to boost climate resilience in the region.

This study aims to identify the demographic characteristics of potato growers, investigate the marketing channels and value chain actors available in Hunza, Pakistan, and determine the significant production and marketing problems faced by potato growers in the area. Primary data collected from potato growers in Hunza using a multistage sampling technique and a pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic characteristics of potato growers, and the marketing channels of the potato value chain were studied using supply linkage. A simple linear regression model was used to identify the significant variables affecting potato yields. The regression model showed that variables such as sex of household head, family size, education status, distance to the market, farming experience, potato farm size, off/non-farm income, and quantity of potato supplied to the market significantly affected potato yields. The study also identified constraints and opportunities for potato growers.

Efficient management of operational funds holds immense importance for enterprises. The calculation of net working capital, achieved by subtracting current liabilities from assets, carries significant weight. Aspects such as durations for collecting and disbursing funds, the rate of inventory rotation, the transformation of cash, and the cycle of trade play a pivotal role in determining the level of profitability. This research undertook an evaluation of their influence on the profitability of Pakistan's textile industry, utilizing data from 10 publicly listed companies and subjecting them to thorough panel regression analysis. The findings brought to light that the Average Collection Period (ACP) exhibited an inconsequential and adverse impact on Net Operating Profit (NOP). Conversely, the Average Payment Period (APP) demonstrated a substantial reduction in NOP. While Inventory Turnover (ITID) displayed an insignificant amplification in NOP, Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) exhibited a positive correlation with the firm's financial performance in distinction to Net Trading Cycle (NTC) yielded a detrimental effect.

The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of leader emotional labour strategies on job-related outcomes, job satisfaction (JS) and emotional exhaustion (EE) and the moderating effect of perceived organizational support (POS) under the theoretical support of conservation of resource (COS) theory. The current study was carried out by gathering data from doctors working in the Public Health sector of Pakistan. A self-administered questionnaire survey was employed to gather responses. The selection process employed a simple random sampling technique. Results of the current study explicate that POS has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between leaders' emotional labour strategies and EE. At the same time, the moderated effect of POS on the relationship between leaders' emotional labour strategies and JS was not supported. The present study bridges the research gap by applying the COS theory and using POS as moderating variable to study relationships between leaders' emotional labour strategies and job-related outcomes (e.g., JS and EE).

The present research aimed to study quality control techniques used by secondary school teachers in district Lahore to improve educational outcomes. The link between quality control measures, secondary school teachers' performance, and target accomplishment was examined in particular. The study's sample was selected by convenient sampling technique and included 418 secondary school instructors from 200 secondary schools. Questionnaire QCMSSGA was adapted to collect data on quality control measures and secondary school goal achievement (QCMSSGA). It was found that the instrument has a coefficient of reliability ranging from 0.75 to 0.81. Analysis including frequency distribution and Pearson product-moment correlation. Secondary school pupils who received high-quality supervision and teacher evaluations were more likely to meet their objectives. Due to the reasons mentioned earlier, secondary school instructors were instructed to conduct more frequent, routine instructional monitoring and pay greater attention to teacher performance evaluations.

The study assessed Human Resource Management's (HRM) impact on Pakistan International Airlines' (PIA) performance, exploring its contribution to financial success and the role of employee engagement. 371 valid responses were collected from 400 distributed questionnaires, achieving an 86% response rate, with 35% female and 65% male respondents. Data analysis employed SPSS for descriptive analysis and Cronbach's Alpha for reliability. The study's main goals were to evaluate PIA's HRM practices, revealing a positive HRM effect on performance through SPSS regression analysis. Governance and HRM practices were identified as root challenges. Recommendations included VIP protocol elimination, increased employee development investment, monitored flights by senior staff, and strong HRM implementation to promote efficiency, productivity, and growth. The study stresses a dedicated HR department's importance for competitive advantage, providing insights for PIA's strategic decisions and performance enhancement.

The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has brought about transformative changes in the domain of language learning. The objectives of the study were to assess the extent to which Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools are integrated into English language learning and examine the perceived impact of ICT on English language proficiency among learners. It employs a qualitative research design, incorporating a qualitative data collection technique.Twenty English language learners from a public sector university participated in the study. The results revealed that the utilization of ICT tools and resources has redefined the dynamics of language instruction. It has enabled educators to adopt innovative pedagogical methods that cater to diverse learning styles and preferences. The availability of online platforms, interactive apps, and virtual classrooms has expanded the horizons of ELLs, making learning more accessible and engaging. As a result, learners are exposed to authentic English language experiences.

This qualitative study has been conducted under the interpretivist paradigm to explore the research difficulties faced by the MPhil Scholars during their MPhil Thesis phase. There were 25 MPhil Scholars studying in five Universities based in the Punjab who have been selected purposively for this study. These Scholars were enrolled in the MPhil, Education program. The data have been collected with the help of a semi-structured interview protocol comprising 12 questions. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the collected data. The results revealed that the majority of the students were not forced to select their supervisor on teachers’ referrals. However, the majority of the students were not given the opportunity to select their topics for research, rather their supervisors allotted them the topics. Similarly, their supervisors and even the chairperson(s) of the department(s) were not easily available to them. The students also have faced issues regarding access to the university E-library, needed books from the library and paid content, etc.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between teacher's commitment and turnover intentions among the teachers working in secondary schools in the district of Lahore. The data was collected through a self-design questionnaire from 235 male and female teachers of Lahore who were selected by simple random method of sampling. Graphs correlations t-test and one-way ANOVA were used through the SPSS software package for the data analysis. Findings indicate no significant relationship exists between teachers' commitment and turnover intentions. However, it is found that the teachers’ Commitment among the females is higher than that of the male teachers and the teachers’ turnover intention among the male and female teachers is the same. It is recommended to increase teachers' commitment and decrease turnover intentions in Lahore by providing incentives and rewards.For turnover intention, it is recommended that teachers' jobs should be permanent.

These factors contain a variety of intangible socio-psychological motivations that represent an individual's intrinsic desires and push consumers towards certain behavior patterns that are goal-driven.On the other hand, "pull" factors, which are connected to the athlete, allude to the many diverse elements of a football game. It is very necessary to have a better knowledge of the push–pull interaction for players to be able to play in a way that will fulfill the expectations of coaches who have varying demands. The qualitative method was used to gather the information from the participants. The push-and-pull coaching philosophy was found to be most closely related to the tactical and technical aspects of the game, according to the findings of the analysis. Instead of functioning as a clear guide to examine and support each coach's particular practice, coaching philosophy served instead as a signifier in power relations, which allowed it to rationalize coaching practices.