Drivers of Ethnic Terrorism: Case of Baloch Nationalist Movement (BNM)
This research article examines the potential drivers of ethnic terrorism. The ethnic component has typically been ignored by terrorism academia, which has instead concentrated on developing theories that can explain all terrorist violence. The research does cover attributes of ethnic terrorism, whether it is a notion of nationalism or beyond depending on the case. This study focuses on the ethnic groups that why resort to violence to achieve their objective. The research tested the cause of ethnic terrorism based on three theoretical frameworks: political repression, economic grievances and elite competition. The research focuses on the factors driving the Baloch nationalist movement and the adoption of violence by Baloch separatist groups in Pakistan. In the case of Balochistan, three respective hypotheses are built and analyzed. The results demonstrate that political repression raises the risk of ethnic terrorism, although economic resentments or competitive elites are typically not linked to this type of violence
-
Ethnic Terrorism, Baloch Nationalist Movement, Political Repression, Economic Grievances
-
(1) Maryam Nawaz
PhD Student in International Relations, School of Integrated Social Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Shahzad Akhtar
Assistant Professor, School of Integrated Social Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Muhammad Faizan Asghar
PhD Student in International Relations, School of Integrated Social Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
- Ahmed, R. Q., & Khan, R. (2020). The rise of peripheral nationalism in Pakistan and the Pashtun Tahafuz movement. Asian Ethnicity, 23(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2020.1 785840
- Akhtar, N. (2017). Balochistan Conflict: Internal and International Dynamics. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 37(1), 190–202. http://pjss.bzu.edu.pk/index.php/pjss/artic le/view/529
- Amin, T. (1994). Pakistan in 1993: Some Dramatic Changes. Asian Survey, 34(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645122
- Amin, T., & Tahir Amin. (1993, December 10). Ethno National Movements of Pakistan. Institute of Policy Studies. https://www.ips.org.pk/ethno-national- movements-of-pakistan
- Bakke K. M., Cunningham, K. G., & Seymour, L. J. M. (2012) A plague of initials: Fragmentation, cohesion, and infighting in civil wars. Perspectives on Politics 10(2), 265–283. https://www.prio.org/publications/5209
- Baloch, S. M., & Ellis-Petersen, H. (2020, December 22). Karima Baloch, the Pakistani human rights activist, was found dead in Canada. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020 /dec/22/karima-baloch-pakistani-human- rights-activist-found-dead-in-canada
- Bjørgo, T., & Silke, A. (2018). Root causes of terrorism. In Routledge Handbook of Terrorism and Counterterrorism (pp. 57- 65). Routledge. https://opev.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/10/BJ%C3%98RGO -Tore.-Root-Causes-of-Terrorism-.pdf
- Boylan, B. M. (2016). What drives ethnic terrorist campaigns? A view at the group level of analysis. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 33(3), 250–272. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26271425
- Brown, M. E. (2018). Ethnic Conflict and International Security. Princeton University Press. https://press.princeton.edu/books/pa perback/9780691000688/ethnic-conflict- and-international-security
- Brown ME (2001) The causes of internal conflict: An overview. In: Brown ME, Cote´ O, Lynn-Jones S and Miller S (eds) Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 3–25. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262523158/ nationalism-and-ethnic-conflict/
- Borum, R. (2003). Psychology of Terrorism . https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/ 208551.pdf
- Byman, D. (1998). The logic of ethnic terrorism. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 21(2), 149– 169. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576109808436 060
- Carment, D., James, P., & Taydas, Z. (2009). The Internationalization of Ethnic Conflict: State, Society, and Synthesis. International Studies Review, 11(1), 63–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468- 2486.2008.01825.x
- Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and Grievance in Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers, 56(4), 563–595. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3488799
- Elias, N. 2008 [1976]. “Towards a Theory of Established-Outsider Relations.†In The Established and the Outsiders, edited by N. Elias and J. L. Scotson, 1–36. Dublin: University College Dublin Press
- English, R. (2009). Terrorism: How to Respond. In Queen’s University Belfast. Oxford University Press. https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/ter rorism-how-to-respond
- Global Terrorism Database. (2022). Global Terrorism Database. University of Maryland. https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/
- Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why Men Rebel. London New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
- Jaleel, S., & Bibi, N. (2017, July 18). Baloch Insurgency and its impact on CPEC. Mpra.ub.uni-Muenchen.de. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/90135/
- Romo, R. L., & Soldevilla, G. F. (2018). From ethnic exclusion to terrorism? The case of radical Basque nationalism. Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, 24(3), 443. https://www.academia.edu/82774860/Fro m_ethnic_exclusion_to_terrorism_The_case _of_radical_Basque_nationalism
- Marino, F. (2020). Balochistan: bruised, battered and bloodied. Bloomsbury.
- Nabeel, F. (2020, July 27). Interpreting BRAS- SRA Alliance. Centre for Strategic and ContemporaryResearch. https://cscr.pk/exp lore/themes/defense-security/interpreting- bras-sra-alliance/
- Nupur, J., & Sharma. (2019). “Pakistan Plundering Balochistan, We Appeal PM Modi to Support Freedom Struggle: Dr Allah Nazar Baloch of BLF Speaks Exclusively to OpIndia.†OpIndia, 22 July 2019, www.opindia.com/2019/07/exclusive- interview-dr-allah-nazar-baloch- balochistan-liberation-front-blf-on-pakistan- usa-china-india
- Raj, P. (2022). Baloch Nationalism. Gaurav book centre.
- Reuters, S. A. S. (2021, January 3). At least 11 coal miners shot dead in Balochistan’s Mach area after being kidnapped. DAWN.COM. https://www.dawn.com/news/1599441
- Sareen, S. (2017). Balochistan: Forgotten War, Forsaken People. Vivekananda InternationalFoundation.Www.vifindia.org. https://www.vifindia.org/monograph/201 7/december/07/balochistan-forgotten-war- forsaken-people
- Shah, A. Z. (2017). Geopolitical Significance of Balochistan. Strategic Studies, 37(3), 126- 144. https://doi.org/10.53532/ss.037.03.00 213
- Shahid, S. (2015, April 12). "Twenty labourers gunned down in Turbat,†Dawn.
- Shahid, S. (2015, May 30) “Gunmen storm two coaches near Mastung, butcher 19 passengers,†Dawn.
- Shahid, S. (2018, December 27). Banned BLA leader killed in Kandahar suicide attack. DAWN.COM . https://www.dawn.com/news/1453853
- Singh, D. R. (2016). Accession of Independent Balochistan to Pakistan. South Asia Journal. http://southasiajournal.net/accession-of- independent-balochistan-to-pakistan
- Spencer, P., & Wollman, H. (2002). Nationalism: A Critical Introduction. In SAGE Knowledge. SAGE Publications. https://sk.sagepub.com/books/nationalism
- Stanekzai, M. M. (2008). Thwarting Afghanistan's Insurgency: A Pragmatic Approach toward Peace and Reconciliation. (n.d.). United States Institute of Peace https://www.usip.org/publications/2008/0 9/thwarting-afghanistans-insurgency- pragmatic-approach-toward-peace-and
- Tahir, P. (2017, January 12). Provinces and human development. The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1293170/pro vinces-human-development
- Yousaf, K. (2019, July 2), “US declares Balochistan Liberation Army a terrorist group,†The Express Tribune. [Original source: https://studycrumb.com/alphabetizer
Cite this article
-
APA : Nawaz, M., Akhtar, S., & Asghar, M. F. (2023). Drivers of Ethnic Terrorism: Case of Baloch Nationalist Movement (BNM). Global Social Sciences Review, VIII(I), 490-500. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-I).46
-
CHICAGO : Nawaz, Maryam, Shahzad Akhtar, and Muhammad Faizan Asghar. 2023. "Drivers of Ethnic Terrorism: Case of Baloch Nationalist Movement (BNM)." Global Social Sciences Review, VIII (I): 490-500 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-I).46
-
HARVARD : NAWAZ, M., AKHTAR, S. & ASGHAR, M. F. 2023. Drivers of Ethnic Terrorism: Case of Baloch Nationalist Movement (BNM). Global Social Sciences Review, VIII, 490-500.
-
MHRA : Nawaz, Maryam, Shahzad Akhtar, and Muhammad Faizan Asghar. 2023. "Drivers of Ethnic Terrorism: Case of Baloch Nationalist Movement (BNM)." Global Social Sciences Review, VIII: 490-500
-
MLA : Nawaz, Maryam, Shahzad Akhtar, and Muhammad Faizan Asghar. "Drivers of Ethnic Terrorism: Case of Baloch Nationalist Movement (BNM)." Global Social Sciences Review, VIII.I (2023): 490-500 Print.
-
OXFORD : Nawaz, Maryam, Akhtar, Shahzad, and Asghar, Muhammad Faizan (2023), "Drivers of Ethnic Terrorism: Case of Baloch Nationalist Movement (BNM)", Global Social Sciences Review, VIII (I), 490-500
-
TURABIAN : Nawaz, Maryam, Shahzad Akhtar, and Muhammad Faizan Asghar. "Drivers of Ethnic Terrorism: Case of Baloch Nationalist Movement (BNM)." Global Social Sciences Review VIII, no. I (2023): 490-500. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-I).46