GSSR - Global Social Sciences Review

EXPLORING CHALLENGES OF IOTENABLED SAFE CITY PROJECTS

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-I).24 10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-I).24
Authored by : Muhammad Kashif Adnan , Abdul Zahid Khan

24 Pages : 259-271

References

Abdi, H., & Shahbazitabar, M. (2020). Smart city: A review of concepts, definitions, standards, experiments, and challenges. Journal of Energy Management and Technology, 4(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.22109/JEMT.2020.2064 44.1205
Ahmed, E., Yaqoob, I., Gani, A., Imran, M., & Guizani, M. (2016). Internet-of-things- based smart environments: state of the art, taxonomy, and open research challenges. IEEE Wireless Communications, 23(5), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2016.7721736
Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of urban technology, 22(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.9 42092
Aljahdali, A. O., Alluhaib, G., Alqarni, R., Alsharef, M., & Alsaqqaf, A. (2022). Big data analysis and forensics. International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, 14(6), 579-593.
Angelakis, V., Tragos, E., PÃ¶hls, H. C., Kapovits, A., & Bassi, A. (Eds.). (2016). Designing, developing, and facilitating smart cities: urban design to IoT solutions. Springer
Anuar, A. N. A., Bookhari, S. N., & Aziz, N. A. (2012). The effectiveness of Safe City Programme as safety basic in the tourism industry: Case Study in Putrajaya. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 42, 477-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.21 3
Appio, F. P., Lima, M., & Paroutis, S. (2019). Understanding Smart Cities: Innovation Ecosystems, technological advancements, and societal challenges. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.12 .018
Bawany, N. Z., & Shamsi, J. A. (2015). Smart city architecture: Vision and challenges. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 6(11). https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2015.06 1132
Belli, L., Cilfone, A., Davoli, L., Ferrari, G., Adorni, P., Di Nocera, F., & Bertolotti, E. (2020). IoT-enabled smart sustainable cities: challenges and approaches. Smart Cities, 3(3), 1039-1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3030052
Burhanuddin, M. A., Mohammed, A. A. J., Ismail, R., &Basiron, H. (2017). Internet of Things architecture: Current challenges and future direction of research. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(21), 11055-11061. http://www.ripublication.com
Cassandras, C. G. (2016). Smart cities as cyber- physical social systems. Engineering, 2(2), 156-158.
Chen, N., & Chen, Y. (2018). Smart city surveillance at the network edge in the era of iot: opportunities and challenges. Smart Cities, 153-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2016.02.01 2
Chen, Z., Sivaparthipan, C. B., & Muthu, B. (2022). IoT-based smart and intelligent smart city energy optimization. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 49, 101724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.10172 4
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research designs: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Callifornia: Sage.
Dworkin, S. L. (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 1319-1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508- 012-0016-6
Elmaghraby, A. S., &Losavio, M. M. (2014). Cyber security challenges in smart cities: Safety, security and privacy. Journal of Advanced Research, 5(4), 491â€“497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2014.02.006
Eugster, P. T., Felber, P. A., Guerraoui, R., & Kermarrec, A. M. (2003). The many faces of publish/subscribe. ACM computing surveys (CSUR), 35(2), 114-131. https://doi.org/10.1145/857076.857078
Gao, K., & Yuan, Y. (2022). Is the sky of a smart city bluer? Evidence from satellite monitoring data. Journal of Environmental Management, 317, 115483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.1 15483
Harmon, R. R., Castro-Leon, E. G., & Bhide, S. (2015, August). Smart cities and the Internet of Things. In 2015 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) (485-494). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2015.727 3174
Hasija, S., Shen, Z. J. M., & Teo, C. P. (2020). Smart city operations: Modeling challenges and opportunities. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 22(1), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2019.0823
Heo, T., Kim, K., Kim, H., Lee, C., Ryu, J. H., Leem, Y. T. &Ko, J. (2014). Escaping from ancient Rome! Applications and challenges for designing smart cities. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 25(1), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.2787
Hernandez, J. L., Garcia, R., Schonowski, J., Atlan, D., Chanson, G., &Ruohomaki, T. (2020). Interoperable open specifications framework for the implementation of standardized urban platforms. Sensors, 20(8), 2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082402
Ismagilova, E., Hughes, L., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2020). Security, privacy and risks within smart cities: Literature review and development of a smart city interaction framework. Information Systems Frontiers, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-020- 10044-1
Kabir, A., Maitrot, M. R. L., Ali, A., Farhana, N., &Criel, B. (2018). A qualitative exploration of sociocultural determinants of health inequities of the Dalit population in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. BMJ Open, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018- 022906
Khajenasiri, I., Estebsari, A., Verhelst, M., &Gielen, G. (2017). Applications. Energy Procedia, 111, 770-779.
Khan, R., Khan, S. U., Zaheer, R., & Khan, S. (2012, December). Future internet: the internet of Things architecture, possible applications and key challenges. In 2012 10th international conference on frontiers of information technology (257-260). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIT.2012.53
Khatoun, R., & Zeadally, S. (2016). Smart cities: Concepts, architectures, research opportunities. Commun. Acm, 59(8), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858789
Kogan, N., & Lee, K. J. (2014). Exploratory research on the success factors and challenges of Smart City projects. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 24(2), 141-189. https://doi.org/10.14329/apjis.2014.24.2.14 1
Kravchenko, A. (2019). The Practical Side of IoT Implementation in Smart Cities. Editorial Board, 52. https://doi.org/10.33965/csc2019_201908 R060
Kuddus, M. A., Tynan, E., &McBryde, E. (2020). Urbanization: a problem for the rich and the poor?. Public health reviews, 41(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-019-0116-0
LacinÃ¡k, M., & Ristvej, J. (2017). Smart city, safety and security. Procedia Engineering, 192, 522-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.09 0
Lim, S. B., Yong, C. K., Malek, J. A., Jali, M. F. M., Awang, A. H., & Tahir, Z. (2020). Effectiveness of fear and crime prevention strategy for sustainability of safe city. Sustainability, 12(24), 10593. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410593
Macke, J., Casagrande, R. M., Sarate, J. A. R., & Silva, K. A. (2018). Smart city and quality of life: Citizensâ€™ perception in a Brazilian case study. Journal of cleaner production, 182, 717-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.07 8
Mehmood, Y., Ahmad, F., Yaqoob, I., Adnane, A., Imran, M., & Guizani, S. (2017). Magazine, 55(9), 16-24
Miorandi, D., Sicari, S., De Pellegrini, F., & Chlamtac, I. (2012). Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges. Ad hoc networks, 10(7), 1497-1516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2012.02.016
Mohanty, S. P., Choppali, U., & Kougianos, E. (2016). Everything you wanted to know about smart cities: The internet of Things is the backbone. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 5(3), 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879
Moll, S. (2012). Navigating political minefields: Partnerships in organizational case study research. Work, 43(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-1442
Naphade, M., Banavar, G., Harrison, C., Paraszczak, J., & Morris, R. (2011). Smarter cities and their innovation challenges. Computer, 44(6), 32â€“39. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2011.187
Patti, E., & Acquaviva, A. (2016, September). IoT platform for Smart Cities: Requirements and implementation case studies. In 2016 IEEE 2nd International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Leveraging a better tomorrow (RTSI) (1-6). IEEE
Pawar, L., Bajaj, R., Singh, J., & Yadav, V. (2019, May). Smart city IoT: Smart architectural solution for networking, congestion and heterogeneity. In 2019 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICCS) (124-129). IEEE
Rana, B., Singh, Y., & Singh, P. K. (2021). A systematic survey on Internet of things: Energy efficiency and interoperability perspective. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 32(8), e4166. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4166
Razmjoo, A., Ostergaard, P. A., Denai, M., Nezhad, M. M., & Mirjalili, S. (2021). Effective policies to overcome barriers in the development of smart cities. Energy Research & Social Science, 79, 102175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.10217 5
Sanchez, L., Munoz, L., Galache, J. A., Sotres, P., Santana, J. R., Gutierrez, V., & Pfisterer, D. (2014). Smart Santander: IoT experimentation over a smart city testbed. Computer Networks, 61, 217-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2013.12.020
Santana, E. F. Z., Chaves, A. P., Gerosa, M. A., Kon, F., &Milojicic, D. S. (2018). Software platforms for smart cities: Concepts, requirements, challenges, and a unified reference architecture. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 50(6), 78. https://doi.org/10.1145/3124391
Sarkheyli, A., & Sarkheyli, E. (2019). Smart megaprojects in smart cities, dimensions, and challenges. In Smart Cities Cybersecurity and Privacy (269-277). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12- 815032-0.00019-6
Shafik, W., Matinkhah, S. M., & Ghasemzadeh, M. (2020). Theoretical understanding of deep learning in uav biomedical engineering technologies analysis. SN Computer Science, 1(6), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-020- 00323-8
Sharifi, A., Kawakubo, S., & Milovidova, A. (2020). Urban sustainability assessment tools: Toward integrating smart city indicators. In Urban Systems Design (345- 372). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12- 816055-8.00011-7
Talari, S., Shafie-Khah, M., Siano, P., Loia, V., Tommasetti, A., & Catalao, J. (2017). A review of smart cities based on the internet of Things concept. Energies, 10(4), 421 . https://doi.org/10.3390/en10040421
Talib, M. S., Hussin, B., & Hassan, A. (2017). Converging VANET with vehicular cloud networks to reduce the traffic congestions: A review. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(21), 10646-10654. http://www.ripublication.com
Verma, A., Khanna, A., Agrawal, A., Darwish, A., &Hassanien, A. E. (2019). In Cybersecurity and Secure Information Systems (1-15). Springer, Cham.
Watson, A., Musova, Z., Machova, V., & Rowland, Z. (2020). Internet of things- enabled smart cities: big data-driven decision-making processes in the knowledge-based urban economy. Geopolitics, History and International Relations, 12(1), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.22381/GHIR12120209
Zhang, K., Ni, J., Yang, K., Liang, X., Ren, J., & Shen, X. S. (2017). Security and privacy in smart city applications: Challenges and solutions. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(1), 122-129 . https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2017.160 0267CM

References

Abdi, H., & Shahbazitabar, M. (2020). Smart city: A review of concepts, definitions, standards, experiments, and challenges. Journal of Energy Management and Technology, 4(3), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.22109/JEMT.2020.2064 44.1205
Ahmed, E., Yaqoob, I., Gani, A., Imran, M., & Guizani, M. (2016). Internet-of-things- based smart environments: state of the art, taxonomy, and open research challenges. IEEE Wireless Communications, 23(5), 10-16. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2016.7721736
Albino, V., Berardi, U., & Dangelico, R. M. (2015). Smart cities: Definitions, dimensions, performance, and initiatives. Journal of urban technology, 22(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.9 42092
Aljahdali, A. O., Alluhaib, G., Alqarni, R., Alsharef, M., & Alsaqqaf, A. (2022). Big data analysis and forensics. International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, 14(6), 579-593.
Angelakis, V., Tragos, E., PÃ¶hls, H. C., Kapovits, A., & Bassi, A. (Eds.). (2016). Designing, developing, and facilitating smart cities: urban design to IoT solutions. Springer
Anuar, A. N. A., Bookhari, S. N., & Aziz, N. A. (2012). The effectiveness of Safe City Programme as safety basic in the tourism industry: Case Study in Putrajaya. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 42, 477-485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.21 3
Appio, F. P., Lima, M., & Paroutis, S. (2019). Understanding Smart Cities: Innovation Ecosystems, technological advancements, and societal challenges. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.12 .018
Bawany, N. Z., & Shamsi, J. A. (2015). Smart city architecture: Vision and challenges. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 6(11). https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2015.06 1132
Belli, L., Cilfone, A., Davoli, L., Ferrari, G., Adorni, P., Di Nocera, F., & Bertolotti, E. (2020). IoT-enabled smart sustainable cities: challenges and approaches. Smart Cities, 3(3), 1039-1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3030052
Burhanuddin, M. A., Mohammed, A. A. J., Ismail, R., &Basiron, H. (2017). Internet of Things architecture: Current challenges and future direction of research. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(21), 11055-11061. http://www.ripublication.com
Cassandras, C. G. (2016). Smart cities as cyber- physical social systems. Engineering, 2(2), 156-158.
Chen, N., & Chen, Y. (2018). Smart city surveillance at the network edge in the era of iot: opportunities and challenges. Smart Cities, 153-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENG.2016.02.01 2
Chen, Z., Sivaparthipan, C. B., & Muthu, B. (2022). IoT-based smart and intelligent smart city energy optimization. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 49, 101724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.10172 4
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research designs: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Callifornia: Sage.
Dworkin, S. L. (2012). Sample size policy for qualitative studies using in-depth interviews. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 1319-1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508- 012-0016-6
Elmaghraby, A. S., &Losavio, M. M. (2014). Cyber security challenges in smart cities: Safety, security and privacy. Journal of Advanced Research, 5(4), 491â€“497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2014.02.006
Eugster, P. T., Felber, P. A., Guerraoui, R., & Kermarrec, A. M. (2003). The many faces of publish/subscribe. ACM computing surveys (CSUR), 35(2), 114-131. https://doi.org/10.1145/857076.857078
Gao, K., & Yuan, Y. (2022). Is the sky of a smart city bluer? Evidence from satellite monitoring data. Journal of Environmental Management, 317, 115483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.1 15483
Harmon, R. R., Castro-Leon, E. G., & Bhide, S. (2015, August). Smart cities and the Internet of Things. In 2015 Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) (485-494). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/PICMET.2015.727 3174
Hasija, S., Shen, Z. J. M., & Teo, C. P. (2020). Smart city operations: Modeling challenges and opportunities. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 22(1), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2019.0823
Heo, T., Kim, K., Kim, H., Lee, C., Ryu, J. H., Leem, Y. T. &Ko, J. (2014). Escaping from ancient Rome! Applications and challenges for designing smart cities. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 25(1), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.2787
Hernandez, J. L., Garcia, R., Schonowski, J., Atlan, D., Chanson, G., &Ruohomaki, T. (2020). Interoperable open specifications framework for the implementation of standardized urban platforms. Sensors, 20(8), 2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082402
Ismagilova, E., Hughes, L., Rana, N. P., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2020). Security, privacy and risks within smart cities: Literature review and development of a smart city interaction framework. Information Systems Frontiers, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-020- 10044-1
Kabir, A., Maitrot, M. R. L., Ali, A., Farhana, N., &Criel, B. (2018). A qualitative exploration of sociocultural determinants of health inequities of the Dalit population in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. BMJ Open, 8(12). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018- 022906
Khajenasiri, I., Estebsari, A., Verhelst, M., &Gielen, G. (2017). Applications. Energy Procedia, 111, 770-779.
Khan, R., Khan, S. U., Zaheer, R., & Khan, S. (2012, December). Future internet: the internet of Things architecture, possible applications and key challenges. In 2012 10th international conference on frontiers of information technology (257-260). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIT.2012.53
Khatoun, R., & Zeadally, S. (2016). Smart cities: Concepts, architectures, research opportunities. Commun. Acm, 59(8), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858789
Kogan, N., & Lee, K. J. (2014). Exploratory research on the success factors and challenges of Smart City projects. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems, 24(2), 141-189. https://doi.org/10.14329/apjis.2014.24.2.14 1
Kravchenko, A. (2019). The Practical Side of IoT Implementation in Smart Cities. Editorial Board, 52. https://doi.org/10.33965/csc2019_201908 R060
Kuddus, M. A., Tynan, E., &McBryde, E. (2020). Urbanization: a problem for the rich and the poor?. Public health reviews, 41(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-019-0116-0
LacinÃ¡k, M., & Ristvej, J. (2017). Smart city, safety and security. Procedia Engineering, 192, 522-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.09 0
Lim, S. B., Yong, C. K., Malek, J. A., Jali, M. F. M., Awang, A. H., & Tahir, Z. (2020). Effectiveness of fear and crime prevention strategy for sustainability of safe city. Sustainability, 12(24), 10593. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410593
Macke, J., Casagrande, R. M., Sarate, J. A. R., & Silva, K. A. (2018). Smart city and quality of life: Citizensâ€™ perception in a Brazilian case study. Journal of cleaner production, 182, 717-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.07 8
Mehmood, Y., Ahmad, F., Yaqoob, I., Adnane, A., Imran, M., & Guizani, S. (2017). Magazine, 55(9), 16-24
Miorandi, D., Sicari, S., De Pellegrini, F., & Chlamtac, I. (2012). Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges. Ad hoc networks, 10(7), 1497-1516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2012.02.016
Mohanty, S. P., Choppali, U., & Kougianos, E. (2016). Everything you wanted to know about smart cities: The internet of Things is the backbone. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 5(3), 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2016.2556879
Moll, S. (2012). Navigating political minefields: Partnerships in organizational case study research. Work, 43(1), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2012-1442
Naphade, M., Banavar, G., Harrison, C., Paraszczak, J., & Morris, R. (2011). Smarter cities and their innovation challenges. Computer, 44(6), 32â€“39. https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2011.187
Patti, E., & Acquaviva, A. (2016, September). IoT platform for Smart Cities: Requirements and implementation case studies. In 2016 IEEE 2nd International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Leveraging a better tomorrow (RTSI) (1-6). IEEE
Pawar, L., Bajaj, R., Singh, J., & Yadav, V. (2019, May). Smart city IoT: Smart architectural solution for networking, congestion and heterogeneity. In 2019 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICCS) (124-129). IEEE
Rana, B., Singh, Y., & Singh, P. K. (2021). A systematic survey on Internet of things: Energy efficiency and interoperability perspective. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 32(8), e4166. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4166
Razmjoo, A., Ostergaard, P. A., Denai, M., Nezhad, M. M., & Mirjalili, S. (2021). Effective policies to overcome barriers in the development of smart cities. Energy Research & Social Science, 79, 102175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.10217 5
Sanchez, L., Munoz, L., Galache, J. A., Sotres, P., Santana, J. R., Gutierrez, V., & Pfisterer, D. (2014). Smart Santander: IoT experimentation over a smart city testbed. Computer Networks, 61, 217-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2013.12.020
Santana, E. F. Z., Chaves, A. P., Gerosa, M. A., Kon, F., &Milojicic, D. S. (2018). Software platforms for smart cities: Concepts, requirements, challenges, and a unified reference architecture. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 50(6), 78. https://doi.org/10.1145/3124391
Sarkheyli, A., & Sarkheyli, E. (2019). Smart megaprojects in smart cities, dimensions, and challenges. In Smart Cities Cybersecurity and Privacy (269-277). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12- 815032-0.00019-6
Shafik, W., Matinkhah, S. M., & Ghasemzadeh, M. (2020). Theoretical understanding of deep learning in uav biomedical engineering technologies analysis. SN Computer Science, 1(6), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-020- 00323-8
Sharifi, A., Kawakubo, S., & Milovidova, A. (2020). Urban sustainability assessment tools: Toward integrating smart city indicators. In Urban Systems Design (345- 372). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12- 816055-8.00011-7
Talari, S., Shafie-Khah, M., Siano, P., Loia, V., Tommasetti, A., & Catalao, J. (2017). A review of smart cities based on the internet of Things concept. Energies, 10(4), 421 . https://doi.org/10.3390/en10040421
Talib, M. S., Hussin, B., & Hassan, A. (2017). Converging VANET with vehicular cloud networks to reduce the traffic congestions: A review. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(21), 10646-10654. http://www.ripublication.com
Verma, A., Khanna, A., Agrawal, A., Darwish, A., &Hassanien, A. E. (2019). In Cybersecurity and Secure Information Systems (1-15). Springer, Cham.
Watson, A., Musova, Z., Machova, V., & Rowland, Z. (2020). Internet of things- enabled smart cities: big data-driven decision-making processes in the knowledge-based urban economy. Geopolitics, History and International Relations, 12(1), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.22381/GHIR12120209
Zhang, K., Ni, J., Yang, K., Liang, X., Ren, J., & Shen, X. S. (2017). Security and privacy in smart city applications: Challenges and solutions. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(1), 122-129 . https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2017.160 0267CM