The study identifies the factors of intra temporal and intra generational household mobility in three districts of Central Punjab. The intra- temporal household mobility estimates the direction of transformation as disequalizing long term income. For the current analysis, three districts of Central Punjab are selected for data collection using literacy rate as prevalence rate. The results of the study show an improvement in education of head of household and other household members which may lead to upward transformation. Furthermore, geography and occupation progression contribute to inter temporal and intra generational mobility in Central Punjab. The results show big cities of central Punjab have considerable benefits of occupational movers from one sector to another as there are sufficient job opportunities available to the households and in rural areas of all the districts households are reluctant to get the benefits of occupational movement. The study concludes that most of the heads of household are educated but occupationally deprived which lead to low extent of intra generational mobility as compared to intra temporal mobility.

Esprit-De-Corps encompasses cohesion, loyalty and unity within an organization. The study is focused on the existing threads of EspritDe-Corps and its comparison in public and private sector universities. A sample of 533 faculty members was taken. The team STTEPS (T-TAQ) questionnaire was adapted for collecting the data. The data was analyzed through Percentage, mean and t-test. It was concluded that the strands of Esprit-De-Corps are more prevalent in private sector universities. It is recommended that faculty members may be involved in decision making process and trainings pertaining to leadership, communication and other live skills may be imparted.

This research analyzes the soft power and cultural diplomacy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Over the years, the Kingdom has been using its cultural diplomacy as an instrument of foreign policy for the promotion of its soft power at regional and global level. The analysis suggest the use of soft power and cultural diplomacy are part of Kingdom’s foreign policy, bringing a wider gesture of aptness and goodwill. In this sense, the study of cultural diplomacy allows the understanding of new concepts and ideas of international insertion, with the participation of higher education institutions, research centers, government agencies and non-governmental organizations. King Abdullah has pioneered this initiative of soft power projection of the Kingdom through cultural diplomacy. The study revolves around the era of King Abdullah (2005-2015) while significant reinforcement of this policy is undertaken by King Salman and Crown Prince Mohammad Bin Salman (MBS).

The study was designed to calculate the waiting time for employment for graduates in KP with respect to their level of education and specialization in the field. Contribution of demographic, socioeconomic status, language proficiency, job preferences, job search methods and nepotisms was also measured regarding thewaiting time for employment. Responses of 791 respondents collected through multi-stage non-probability sampling were analyzed with the help of the wellknown Kaplan Meier and Cox regression models and Cox proportional hazard models. The study concluded that a graduate waited for 15 months to be employed during the period 2003-2014. Age, language proficiency, level of education, specialization, language proficiency, nepotism and socio economic factors have significant influence on waiting time for employment. The study recommends the development of integrated frame work for information about trends of unemployment, career counseling and elimination of unemployment at national level.

This study was undertaken for costing out education needs for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa based on location, gender, district and grade. The sample consisted of 778 schools, including 364 females and 414 males. The study used descriptive statistics for analysis. It was found that rural students get slightly less pocket money than urban students. The cost of average monthly stationery, uniform cost, teacher cost and total cost for urban student was higher than for rural students. District Haripur was found to be the most successful school district. It was further found that better results need good financing. The study also confirmed that the girl student cost is less than a boy student. It was also concluded that the pocket money on average increases with grade. There was no significant difference of stationery cost across grades while grade one and grade four students’ cost on uniform was slightly higher than other grades.

Globalization and market-based orientation of higher education institutions has increased interest of students, parents, employers, universities, funding agencies, governments, and relevant stakeholders in knowing the rank of their concerned universities at national/global level. This has led to the emergence of several global university ranking systems. Aligned with international trends of ranking, Higher Education of Pakistan [HEC] also initiated ranking of universities at the national level in Pakistan. Subsequently, HEC designed comprehensive ranking criteria for ranking of universities and has implemented it since 2010. This study analyzes the nature of HEC ranking criteria and its constituent indicators from the perspective of global university ranking systems. Using content and thematic analysis, this study found that global university ranking systems mainly focus quality of research and teaching, while HEC additionally focuses effective and efficient use of resources, provision of facilities, social integration, and impact on community development.

This research aims at testing and confirming existence of selected behavioral biases of investors that affect their decisions. Five behavioral biases affecting irrational behavior of investors were selected: overconfidence bias, illusion of control bias, confirmation bias and recency bias and optimism bias. Primary data was collected through a questionnaire from 300 investors from banks, insurance companies, stock exchanges etc. The results were obtained by employing a correlation and regression analysis for the presence of behavioral biases and to detect degrees of their influence on decision making. Correlation results indicate moderate association between behavioral biases and decisions of investors. Outcome of the research indicates that while making financial decisions investors are moderately affected by behavioral biases.

The current research investigated authentic leadership and organization citizenship behavior relationship in the presence of mediator corporate social responsibility in services organizations of Pakistan. Data from the respondents were gathered through structured questionnaire. The instrument validity and reliability were ensured. A total of 220 respondents participate in the study. Participants were informed about the aim of the study. Based on regression and mediation analysis, it was found that authentic leadership was significantly related with organization citizenship behavior. We also found that corporate social responsibility partially mediates authentic leadership and organization citizenship behavior. It was concluded that managers should treat their employees fairly as a result their citizenship behavior towards organization will increase which lead to overall organization performance.

This study analyzed the association between household employment and household poverty using logit regression on survey data of Multan District. It is found that qualification of household head, gender of household head, household employment rate, number of males employed in formal sector, number of females employed in informal sector, females permitted to paid work outside home, female’s autonomy to utilize household resources, possession of agricultural land, residence, possession of livestock and government health facility in household’s vicinity have significantly negative impact on probability of household’s poverty. Household size and number of children (≤ 5 years) are positively associated with household poverty. It is suggested that empowering women and creating productive employment opportunities in both formal and informal sectors may help to reduce poverty..

The purpose of this study is to find out the factors which stimulate university teachers towards self-motivated professional development at university level. It was a descriptive study based on survey design; a mixed methods design was selected to collect the data through mixed method techniques. 200 questionnaires were distributed with the help of the snowball sampling technique, which helped in reaching 57 teachers for interview. Thematic Analysis, Descriptive Statistics and Chi- Square Test were applied to data. The result shows the intrinsic factors of stimulation were self-thrust towards excellence, respect, acknowledgment and inner satisfaction. On the contrary, extrinsic factors were a good salary package, promotion, better social and professional status and ability to cope with the advanced educational requirements. The study recommends that action through teachers’ consideration, reflection and shared vision may include extrinsic and intrinsic factors of motivation.

Several factors directly or indirectly influence academic achievement of students. There is immense variation in students’ academic achievement due to individual differences. Therefore, every individual has different personality characteristics that influence life, especially students’ academic achievement. Thus, the current study investigates the influence of personality types A and B on academic achievement of university students. This study presents a descriptive design. Furthermore, a random sampling technique was used for the sample selection. The Anjum-Khalique Scale and students’ GPAs were utilized as research tools. Correlation, regression and t-test were employed for data analysis. Findings exposed that personality types A and B have overall significant impact on academic achievement of students. Significant academic achievement difference was found between male and female students of type B personality unlike type A personality. It is recommended that deficiencies in personalities may be taken into consideration by teachers, administrators, educators, curriculum developers and policymakers for improvement in academic achievement.

This study analyses the influence of high-performance work systems on organizational performance. As, previous studies have mostly focused on individual HR practices in determining the influence of HR practices on performance so research is needed to analyze the combined effect of HRM practices as system to understand the importance of HR on performance. Based on AMO framework, this study investigated the effect of HR system on organizational performance using employees’ perspectives in highly interdependent work settings. In this study, primary data was obtained from 218 bank branches in collaboration with Institute of bankers Pakistan and bank management in the form of managers’ and employees’ perceptions about HPWS and its effect on performance. Results suggest that HPWS was significantly linked to deposits, advances and unit level profitability. Results pointed out new insights to HPWSperformance literature from employees perspectives.

English is a global language and it plays its role as the second and official language in many countries. Untrained teachers, rote learning, grammar translation method and overcrowded classrooms are the factors which affect the process of language learning in the school sector. The study was designed to analyze reading preferences of literary and language habits of Teacher Educators of RITE colleges and faculty members. The sample of the study comprised 119 faculty members i.e. teachers' educators of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Responses were collected through a questionnaire. It was found that reading material has a positive relationship with the preferences of faculty members and teacher educators. It is suggested that faculty members may be provided with a variety of reading material and sources for their professional grooming of teaching.

The study analyzes Psychological Trauma as a result of Corporal Punishment at Secondary Level. The population was all the students of 10th class which made a population of 30200 students in Tehsils of District Malakand of KPK. Sixteen secondary schools and twenty-six students from each school were taken as a sample by using a simple random method. The research instrument DASS 42 about corporal punishment used four options, i.e.at home, at school, both at home and school and neither at home nor at school. The questionnaire was administered to 416 students and 400 were received. The findings of the study were that a significant association of corporal punishment with psychological trauma i.e. depression, anxiety and stress was found. The students were corporally punished both at homes and schools had moderate or severe level of stress, anxiety and depression..

This is a descriptive study. Objectives of the research included: examination of modern tendencies in Teacher Education and find out the breaks and give ideas for improvement of Teacher Education Programs of the region. The population of the research was all teacher education organizations of the province. The sample comprised 55 Course instructors of these institutions. The device of the research analysis was a questionnaire. The data was analyzed and the result was shown in percentage in tables. The literature review explored diverse directions of the concern and reflected the requirements of Teacher Education and Transformations, teachers Quality, Teachers Competencies and Policy. The traditional trend is in practice and the pursuit of quality scares teaching. It is recommended in the research report that technology integration in Teacher Education. The research suggests that the government should take timely notice of the need and importance of the use of modern technologies.

This paper discusses an important aspect of human society, the gendered use of power on women and its portrayal through the literary texts of Nadeem Aslam. Literature mirrors human society through fictional characters and imaginary situations. A co-relation between gendered power, in the historical and contemporary social context and resultant discrimination through oppression and patriarchal hegemonic structures on women is therein established. Themes of female oppression and exploitation, othering and gendered discriminative power dynamics are the basis of this study. Gendered power through its trajectories is the basis of problems faced by women in androcentric societies, creating situational conflicts at the macro and micro level. The resultant feminist concerns give significance to this study as they give rise to pertinent issues, which need to be addressed in human society.

Several factors are important determinants of students achievement. Students positive perceptions about these factors contribute to their achievement. Considering importance of students perceptions about themselves, teachers support, and institutional climate in influencing their academic achievement, this study specifically examines students perceptions about themselves as learners, teachers support, and institutional climate for predicting their achievement. This research employed survey and correlational research designs. For this research, 372 students were randomly selected as a sample using cluster and stratified random sampling techniques. For data collection in this study, a questionnaire was adapted from Donahue (1994). For data analysis, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used, with help of SPSS. It was concluded from multiple regression analysis that university students achievement (i.e., dependent variable) can be significantly predicted from their self-perceptions, teachers support and institutional climate (i.e., independent variables).

Language is product of four skills: reading, writing, listening and speaking. English language learning and examination has been reduced to reading and writing in Pakistan, at the University level. However, English Speaking Skills (ESS) are in high demand in professional life. ESS require testing and grading like English writing skills. This study is based on developing ESS through testing criteria. A survey of university freshmen was used to collect data. Using Kim's (2010) testing scales, the freshmen's ESS progress was gauged through their speaking performances. As a case study, this research used a longitudinal approach (two academic semesters) with a mixed methods approach. University English Language Teachers' (UELTs) and University Administrators /Management's (UANM) interviews were analyzed textually. A criterion as a yardstick helped the learners to fit in to the optimum.

This experimental study explored the effect of the 4WsHs active learning model on learning engagement in mathematics classes. The research design used for conducting this study was true experimental research design (pre-test post-test equivalent group design). A sample comprising 190 students selected from two public sector schools was divided into experimental and control groups using a matched random sampling technique. The newly developed active learning model was used as treatment for an experimental group while the same contents of mathematics were taught to the control group using a traditional method. After practice of three months, learning engagement of both groups was measured using a classroom observation checklist. The analyzed data revealed a significant superiority of students belonging to the experimental group over their counterparts in learning engagement. Hence, the newly developed active learning model proved to be effective for developing learning engagement among students.

The study finds the effects of marketing strategies on the SME performance. Further, it explores the marketing strategies adopted by the pharmaceutical companies in various industrial sectors of KP. The Industrial Estate Hayatabad, Industrial Estate Hattar and Industrial Estate Gadoon were taken as sample areas for the selection of firms. Data was collected from 300 pharmaceutical firms in these Industrial Estates. Closedended questionnaire was used to collect data. The segmentation strategy, differentiation strategy, cost leadership strategy i.e. porter generic strategies were analyzed. The study used the correlation and regression model. Results reveal the cost leadership, differentiation strategy, segmentation have positive relationship with the firm performance. The findings also show that the cost leadership and differentiation strategy have significant effect while the segmentation strategy has insignificant effect on the performance of a firm.

This paper highlights the importance of energy in the determination of growth for economy of Pakistan. This study has been taken for the period of 1972-2015. Along with energy consumption some other important variables are also put into investigation. The Johansson co-integration estimation technique has been used to estimate the required impact. The results show that energy consumption contributed positively and significantly to long run economic growth. While the said impact is statistically insignificant in the short run, the study suggested on the basis of results that energy sources should be explored to boost which may possible to satisfy the energy need of the country and to get guaranteed economic growth in the long run. Therefore, Government should pay special attention toward the country’s energy sector to stabilize the economy which assures prosperity in the country.

The aim of this study is to find the moderating role of cognitive style index on servant leadership style and leadership effectiveness relationship. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on 415 teaching staff from public and private universities. A total of 200 completed questionnaires were returned and used in the analysis. Bivariate correlation and hierarchical multiple regression were used to test the hypotheses. It is concluded that cognitive style index does acts as moderator voluntary subordination, covenantal relationship and transcendent spirituality while for other it does not act as moderator. So, it means that these variables can bring change in the effectiveness of leaders while making decision to serve for society, community, employees, followers or customers.

Affective Commitment (AC) is a key determinant of positive organizational outcomes. However, certain climatic factors like lack of leader openness to voice (LLV), lack of open communication opportunity (LOC), defensive norms of organizational culture (DNO) and defensive silence (DS) may lead to low level (AC). A mixed method, sequential explanatory design based on quantitative phase followed by qualitative phase is used. The quantitative phase used the probability sampling, questionnaire, structural equation modelling, whereas the qualitative phase used a semi-structured interview, thematic coding and causal networking for sampling, data collection and interpretation respectively. All hypotheses were supported by evidence and explanation was provided for why such relationships exist in the banking context of Pakistan. The implications, future guidelines and study limitations are also discussed.

Economic recession of 2009 marked the end of the US dominance in the world. The subsequent period brought transition in the global order. China stepped forward by taking “Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)”, establishing Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and creating alternative forums to engage various regions by assuming a global role. Chinese World Order here is not aimed at referring to the world dominated by China but Chinese sphere of influence with its greater role. Pakistan’s profile has improved with success against terrorism, Chinese investment and interest by other countries to invest under China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). CPEC is a flagship project of BRI which enables Pakistan’s growth and extend it economic integration with China. Pakistan’s close partnership with China enables it to play a greater political role in South Asia, Central Asia, Middle East, the Islamic world and the world at large.

Five Central Asian Republics (CARs) got independence in December 1991 as a result of the collapse of the USSR. Politically, economically, strategically and geographically Central Asia is regarded as the Heart of Asia. This region is the hub of the natural resources. It became a battle ground for the states which have interest in its hydrocarbon reserves. The paper examines the ongoing competition between China and India for the resources of Central Asia. Both of these countries are eyeing the huge potential of trade relations with this large market. They were also trying to create energy partnerships with the gas- and oil-rich region. This resulted in competition between the two countries inof the region. This article describes China and India as competitors in this region. As a neighbouring country, this engagement of China and India has serious implications for Pakistan.

This study traces the representation of deconstructed history in Gerald Vizenors fictional work The Heirs of Columbus. The study highlights the metanarrative techniques through which the officialized history is subverted and decentralized. The study is grounded in postmodern Historiographic Metafiction theory of Linda Hutcheon for investigation of the data. Historiographic metafiction dismantles the overriding official version of history and presents many mini versions of truths. The study exhibits the dismantled version of overriding history of American Indians. It gives an insight into the American Indian approach of United States history.

This study overviews development and validity of a pool of multiple choice test items of geometry part of Mathematics for secondary level. A table of specifications was prepared and a pool of 48 multiple-choice type test items was developed from the test universe. The content validity and face validity of test items was determined with the help of a team of experts. Sample of the study was 488 students of class 10. After determining the validity and reliability through item analysis and quantitative and qualitative analysis of the test, it was concluded that 30 out of 48 items in the test were valid, reliable and suitable for measurement of the learning achievements in the course. Therefore, these items are useful in the boards of examinations for 9th class in Punjab (Pakistan).

The demand for counterfeit goods has exponentially grown and counterfeit goods trade has consequently emerged as a global problem. The present study investigates the determinants that encourage consumers to acquire counterfeit luxury goods. This research further analyzes purchase intention as mediator and gender role as a moderator between the contextual factors and consumer behavior. A quantitative approach was applied through a questionnaire to gather data from 380 Pakistani respondents. The measurement and structural model assessed through Smart PLS. The results confirmed that purchase intention acts as a mediator between hedonic motives, materialism and consumer behavior. However, purchase intention has no mediating effect on economic benefits. Similarly, gender role as moderator was insignificant.

This paper explores leadership technology competence of college principals in six domains, (1) vision and leadership, (2) teaching learning, (3) professional practice and productivity, (4) operations and support management, (5) evaluation and assessment, and (6) legal, ethical and social issues. Competence of the principals for using technology gadgets in the domains of teaching -learning was found high whereas his/her social, legal and ethical considerations for technology use were found to be low. Most respondents valued technology competence but focused incorporating its administrative use. Furthermore, leadership training programmes may contain modules related to professional use of databases, content and data management systems in order to enhance principals use of these for day-to-day administrative purposes.

Political discourse is inarguably deemed an essential tool, impercetably influencing people’s perception within a socio-political zone. The present research revolve around the critical discourse analysis of manifestos of Pakistani political parties, pertaining to the general election of 2013. The theoretical framework for the study triangulates VanDijks (1998) Socio-Cognitive Model, along with the support of Turner and Tajfels (1979) Social identity approach and Budge and Farlies Salience theory (1983). The research revealed that all the political parties under study used the discursive strategies in their party manifestos in order to enhance the positive self-image of party to in-group people, by focusing the negative aspects of the out-group, thereby (re)constructing peoples political identities and ideologies and achieving the desired hegemony for itself.

China’s tremendous rise will certainly be one of the major turbulent of the current century. Chinese leadership has already astonished the world with its economic development and active diplomacy. It is apparent that there will be a greater increase in Chinese power, influence, and involvement in regional and global affairs in future decades. We cannot envisage the exact nature of Chinese objectives and intentions in near future, however, we can proclaim that Chinese aims will be more spacious than they now are. Some observers view this increasing Chinese enthusiasm in regional affairs as a step towards regional hegemony, while others regard it as promotion of mutual understandings and economic interdependence. Some regional states are viewing Chinese policies with cautions and concerns have been raised in international community. To discuss and elaborate all these aspects of Chinese foreign policy behavior; the major paradigms like realism, liberalism, and constructivism will be explored respectively.

The present study is about to elucidate the relationship between globalization and inflation in the South Asian Region. This study is carried out for period of 1081-2016 for four south Asian countries. Panel data techniques were put into investigation. Panel unit root tests reported that the variables are of I(0) and I(1). Hausman test revealed that Pooled Mean Group is suitable for estimation i.e. ARDL. Results showed that the globalization forces considerably and significantly determine inflation. In case of individual country it affected inflation a little different; it is highly significant in case of Bangladesh and Sri-Lanka and less effective for India and Pakistan. Bangladesh and SriLanka may get benefit from protectionist policy to control inflation. We can conclude that large countries are less affected i.e. India and Pakistan. Due to large size of the country external forces are inefficient to affect domestic structure considerably. A small country is expected to be affected more, therefore, it is recommended that small countries should adopt the policies of globalization more carefully.

In this paper the researcher observed about family size, learning achievement and dropout rate of the students at the primary level in Swat, Pakistan. A sample size of 170 respondents was interviewed from the total population of 700 (dropped students). To find out the effect of family size and learning achievement on dropout rate of the students. A logistic regression model was applied. The result indicates that majority of respondent’s family size was above ten members and monthly income (4,000-7,000) PKR. Similarly, large family size was found highly significant “P = 0.000” and Low Learning Achievement was significant as “P = 0.011” with dropout from school. The study concludes that out-of-school (large family size) and in-school (low learning achievement) are the major causes of high dropout rate from schools at primary level.

The current study also attempts to contribute significantly in this regard, as it attempts to map relationships between value systems and attitude towards green buying behavior. This study postulates that Environmental Value (EnV) forms the GA, which endorses CBB. After a careful literature review it has been revealed that very limited studies have attempted to map this relationship thread lending credence to the current study. The results indicate that the correlation coefficient achieved a value of 0 .275 0 significant at a P-value of 0.001*. The Cronbachs α value achieved for the EnV is 0.747 which is also significant, indicating that the overall results endorse the postulate of the current research that, EnV is also a principle variable other than CV to map CBB for the case of mapping green buying behavior

While using qualitative and quantitative techniques, this study analyzes the issues and challenges faced by the journalists while working in the areas going under military operations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and FATA. Based on the hierarchy of influences model, a survey was conducted in Waziristan, Swat and Peshawar. A total of 185 local journalists from Swat, North Waziristan and Peshawar are selected and interviewed. The research found various psychological and visible impacts on journalists reporting from conflict areas. They face challenges like governmental and organizational pressure, safety hazards and bars on freedom of access to news sources. Low perks and privileges, facilities to perform their professional duties and demanding standards for local journalists. The war journalists were dissatisfied with their professions and many were thinking to quit their jobs. In the qualitative technique of semistructured interviews, the survey findings were supported and integrated with the large issues of media control and geo-strategic considerations.

This study is carried out in tribal district Kurram, Pakistan under positivistic methodology with the aim to investigate the role of family institution in honour killing. The results of the study concluded that honour killing is family oriented act that threatens social status and reputation of family. This barbaric act is carried out inside home as well as in public places by the male family members to restore the lost honour. Mostly women become easy victims of such killings while family members of the male offender usually try to avoid his killing by providing him with protection. Creating awareness among tribal people about direction and magnitude of human loss, promotion of the teachings of Islam about human life and liberty and replacing the concept of bravery with cowardice regarding honour killing were presented as some of the recommendations.

Though the 21st century was considered hallmark economic globalization and trade partnership but recent developments of Brexit and President Trumps protective and anti-multilateral trading have challenged the established liberal consensus on economic globalization. This paper would argue that on the contrary the case of CPEC is the recent initiative from China and Pakistan which is giving boost to the new wave of economic Globalization as the economic corridor China projected the Belt and Road as a road to prosperity whereas isolation brings backwardness, will be more true with regard to CPEC. For Pakistan it is a gamechanger as it is a framework of regional connectivity. CPEC will not only benefit China and Pakistan but will have positive impact on Iran, Afghanistan, India, Central Asian Republic, and the region. The enhancement of geographical linkages will further the economic globalization as against the anti-globalization moves.

The existing literature in social sciences and humanities analyzing root causes of sectarian and religious conflicts focus mostly on micro-factors. The inability of market and state factors to control sectarian conflict for last seven decades remains understudied by the contemporary literature. This article aims at filling that gap and seeks to identify certain market and government failures that have implications on sectarian and religious conflicts. More specifically, it identifies four market failures namely asymmetries of information, externalities, equity and public goods and three government failures, which include democracy failure, bureaucratic failure and implementation failure. In contrast to the literature shedding light on the impact and gravity of sectarian and religious violence in the country, the purpose here remains to highlight important aspects of public policy reforms for peace making and peace building. This article, based on the aforementioned market and government failures, suggests a whole new set of policy reforms.

Reflection of teacher’s own professionalism matters so the present study aimed to evaluate the reflection of teacher educator’s professionalism on their students. The survey was conducted to collect data by using two self-developed questionnaires one for teacher educators and others for prospective teachers. A sample of 155 teacher educators and 200 prospective teachers participated in this study randomly selected from one general university of Islamabad and seven universities of Punjab province. Analyses revealed that prospective teachers were highly reflecting professional attitude, professional practice and professional confidence while less professional commitment, professional ethics, and professional knowledge and competence. Teacher educators showed high level of professional commitment, professional leadership and supportive culture whereas less professional practice, professional ethics and professional knowledge and competence. Nevertheless, the prospective teachers were not properly acquiring teacher educator’s professionalism. Findings may be used in teacher education programs to enhance professionalism through organization of continuous professional development practices

The main objective of this study was to investigate not only the relationship between Psychological Capital and Work Engagement but also to test the mediating role of Organizational Commitment. A cross-sectional design was used. Data was collected from 226 nurses of the threelarge hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan. The PCQ, UWES-9 and Meyer and Allen (1991) scales were used as measuring instruments. The results of the study reveal a significant relationship between 1) Psychological Capital and Work Engagement, 2) Psychological Capital and Organizational Commitment, 3) Organizational Commitment and Work Engagement. It was also found that Organizational Commitment partially mediated the relationship between Psychological Capital and Work Engagement. The study will further contribute to the existing literature on positive organizational behavior.

Since 2009, an estimated 3 million people were displaced in Pakistan of which 10% took refuge in “camps”. To ascertain their health needs and care-seeking behavior an exploratory crosssectional survey was undertaken from November 2017 to April 2018 in Jalozai camp by interviewing 318 household heads and 318 married females using systematic and convenient sampling techniques respectively. Study findings revealed that 91% of the IDPs received some assistance for shelter, food, water, sanitation and basic health services while 37% of respondents had difficulties in fulfilling their family food demands, 38% had poor access to water. The prevalence of communicable and non-communicable diseases in the camp was 29% and 23% respectively. Demand for basic public health needs and health services was high and required active and coordinated interventions by both the public and private sectors. The study recommends a national health framework for IDPs.

Physical abuse in schools is quite visible in developing countries like Pakistan; it is being covered by maintaining discipline in schools which instigated to conduct this study as a dire need of the time to cope with physical abuse at the primary school level. A multi-stage sampling technique was used. Two hundred and forty-five teachers and 23 head teachers and 500 students were selected from the Primary Section of Higher Secondary Schools of two tehsils (City & Sadar) of District Faisalabad. A Likert type scale for teachers and headteachers and a dichotomous questionnaire for students were used as research instruments. Mean, Standard Deviation, ANOVA, ttest, frequency, Mann-Whitney u test were applied to analyze data. Teachers and headteachers’ perceptions indicated that physical abuse exists moderately whereas students’ responses explored the presence of a high level of physical abuse by the teachers in the schools.

The study examines high school Students’ Perceptions and challenges in learning Physics regarding Field Dependency. Physics is often represented as being abstract and unrelated to the real-life subject. Field Independent students gain higher than the Field Dependent students as hat independent students’ confidence and understanding are higher than dependent students. The study uses a survey with samples of students drawn from both Urdu and English medium from rural and urban higher secondary schools (N = 500). Firstly, a survey questionnaire for perceptions and challenges in Physics learning and second test for Level of Field Dependency of Johnstone experiment test which is also known as group embedded figure test. Field dependency shows high mean value represents the outcome that mostly students are field dependent. Female students’ ratio is exceeded than male students because of the current pattern of education.

The present study intends to thoroughly examine the Postcolonial feminist perspective in Arundhati Roys novel The God of Small Things by focusing on the theoretical approaches of Gaytri Spivak, Trinh T.Minha and Ania Loomba. The ambivalent personality of colonized women is tarnished due to subalternity imposed by the patriarchal culture of India. The destructive nature of the Western Imperialism forced the people to endure wild oppression by British colonizers. Postcolonialism paved the way for the double oppression of women. Women became the victim of not only British Imperialists but also native cultural patriarchy. Roy successfully intricates three generations of women i.e Baby Kochamma, Mammachi, Ammu, and Rahel into the fabric of the novel to acme the plight of women in the Third World Nations..

Corporate boards have gained remarkable significance over the past few years due to the efforts of various scholars who explored the positives of corporate boards in the context of governance of companies. This paper investigates the effectiveness of corporate boards in stimulating corporate governance, generating shareholder value and examining physiognomies that affect good governance practices. The intention is to explore: how principles of corporate governance can be stimulated to be more effective and efficient; what attributes of corporate governance may influence the performance of corporate boards for satisfying the shareholder expectations. The methodology used for this paper is qualitative and employs an inductive approach along with exploratory and analytical philosophy. The findings of this paper emphasize the fair appointment process for directors and to increase the number of external directors in corporate boards; so that the significant issues of companies could be discussed properly and finalized timely.

The present study seeks to discover the supervisor and supervisees perceptions about supervisor responsibilities in student research work throughout the research process. A selfdeveloped 16 items questionnaire based on the process of thesis work was used to collect data from a sample of 75 supervisors and 200 supervisees who were selected through convenient sampling technique from a university in a metropolitan area of Pakistan. Findings of the study revealed that supervisors held supervisees more responsible for gaining scholarship and selection of topic. On the other hand, supervisees perceive their supervisors to be less responsible for topic selection and decisions regarding recognition for publication. Results of independent sample t-test show wide gap between the perception and expectations of both the groups. It calls for serious actions to be taken by the department. Recommendations and educational implications are given in the research paper.

Current study is an attempt to highlight the connection of emotional intelligence with entrepreneurial intention directly as well as indirectly by taking in account entrepreneurial selfefficacy as a mediator. A sample of 352 final year business administration students from different universities (public sector) of KP, Pakistan is taken by the researcher. Questionnaire is used as data collection instrument whereas measures are adopted from previous literature for measuring present study variables. Reliability analysis for scale reliability, correlation analysis for testing relationships of variables and PROCESS macros (model # 4) for mediation analysis is employed by the researcher to get results. Results depicts a significant positive relationship among study variables. Researcher also find out that self-efficacy (entrepreneurial) mediates the association of entrepreneurial intention with emotional intelligence among final year business administration students.

The present paper focused on finding out attitudes of parents towards their daughters' higher education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The objective was to find out the attitude of parents towards their daughters' higher education. The study was delimited to male parents of three districts, namely Dir Lower, Dir Upper and Swat. The target population was 4872 male parents. A sample of 360 male parents was selected according to L.R Gay sample selection table, and self-developed five Likert scale questionnaires were distributed among them. The data was fed into SPSS version 16 and analyzed through percentage and chi-square. The study found that positive attitude of parents had good effects on their daughters' higher education and recommended that government should increase the number of institutes, provide facilities at female higher education institutes and encourage the community to make parents' attitudes positive.

Mysticism is defined as a search of God, Spiritual truth and ultimate reality. It is a practice of religious ideologies, myths, ethics and ecstasies. The Christian mysticism is the practise or theory which is within Christianity. The Jewish mysticism is theosophical, meditative and practical. A school of practice that emphasizes the search for Allah is defined as Islamic mysticism. It is believed that the earliest figure of Sufism is Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Different Sufis and their writings have played an important role in guidance and counselling of people and peaceful co-existence in the society. Mughal era was an important period regarding Sufism in the subcontinent. The Mughal kings were devotees of different Sufi orders and promoted Sufism and Sufi literature. It is said that Aurangzeb Alamgir was against Sufism, but a lot of Mystic prose and poetic work can be seen during Aurangzeb AlamgirÂ’s era. In this article, we will discuss Mystic Poetry and Prose of Aurangzeb's period.

Theory of overconfidence states that investors are highly overconfident when valuing the stocks. Self-attribution has been found by the researchers as the root cause for overconfidence bias in investors. Investors attribute the high stock prices and returns with their own art of picking up the stocks, and thus they trade more frequently. In order to test overconfidence and self-attribution Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model has been employed to find out the long-term relationship between endogenous variables: market return and market turnover and exogenous variables: volatility and dispersion. Results revealed that there exists a strong positive relationship between market returns and trading turnover. Also, the crosssectional standard deviation in market prices i-e volatility and the cross-sectional variation in stock returns i-e dispersion has a very strong impact on trading pattern and returns. Since investment decisions made by Pakistani investor largely depend upon psychological factors, giving less weightage to all the fundamentals, the trading pattern exhibited may collectively tend the market behave in an irrational manner.

Modern innovation in communication has changed patterns of socializing. Advance forms of communication are paving ways for people to convey their ideologies to others. This study attempts to analyze the role of social media in strengthening democracy in Pakistan and highlights the importance of media in democratic states by an extensive review of the literature. The core concern of the study was to observe how mass media contributes to the socialization of democracy. Quantitative research methodology opted, and research findings concluded that social media advocates the public on general political issues that increase the political efficacy and resulting in more political participation in Pakistan. Web 2.0 platforms such as Twitter and Facebook provide new opportunities to create a political environment in Pakistan. In the presence of these platforms, a bridge is developed between the citizens for strengthening a strong democratic setup.

hrough Julia Kristiva's intertextuality, this study explores the diasporic version of identity in Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient - the text that is based on Ondaatje's inspiration from other literary and non-literary texts: Rudyard Kipling's Kim, Herodotus' The History, James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans and the story of Gyges and the Queen. This theoretical inscription locates the source of the expression of the meaning of the text: either the author or the text per se. It argues the intertextual narration of Ondaatje, a Sri Lankan living in Canada, about the fragmented identities of the diasporas in the post-World War II milieu. This intertextual approach highlights the politics working behind the location of the characters, their (dis)placement from/to their origin and their identity in the post-WWII time. The framing of these intertextual discourses helps understand the contexts of diaspora characters as well as diaspora writers.

A social documentary of Dreiser's milieu and own life, Sister Carrie (1900) portrays American women from multiple angles. As a genuine criticism of debased American values, the text describes women's social, personal, sexual, marital, and economic sides of contemporary American women through Carrie. Having a poor critical reception in the 1910s, the novel was rediscovered worldwide with new vigor since the mid-20th-century for its potent feminist message. Like in other countries, its importance has been felt Pakistani academia, where it is psychologically preparing the emerging woman for the forthcoming SocialDarwinist challenges. This study rediscovers Sister Carrie through the lenses of New Historicism, Historical Reception, and Feminism: why Dreiser wrote it; how the public/critics received it; how it contributed a change to the women's position; and how it could strengthen women's role in Pakistan.

Prior literature reports that macro-economic factors of a country affect stock exchange performance and thus firm performance. Recent strands of literature and the fluctuations in currency have a substantive effect on countries' economies. These fluctuations are also a cause of price fluctuations of imports and exports. One such factor which directly affects firm performance is the oil price fluctuations. Thus, this thesis empirically investigates the effect of oil price fluctuations on firm risk for the firms listed on PSX for the period 2012-2017. Secondary data is taken from SBP, Balance Sheet Analysis Database, Pakistan Stock Exchange and the company's website in some cases. Using Panel data, results show that oil prices increase firm risk (beta), which indicates that market participants react to change in oil prices and thus increases risks. The study indicates that policymakers need to control oil prices to keep firm risk in control and thus manage the market towards a better investment environment.

Advancement in technology has brought a positive change in pedagogical practices. The development started with the integration of technology as a tool for teaching and has reached e-learning and Flipped-learning. In this study, the features of e-learning and Flippedlearning are compared from the perspective of technology and pedagogy in practice. To collect the data, English language teachers of public sector colleges and universities, who had attended online courses and blended courses, were selected for focus group discussion through purely judgmental sampling. The questions for focus group discussion were based on the Stephen Bax's (2003) criteria to compare different phases of CALL. The research highlights that flipped-learning gives more support and freedom to the learner to work at his own pace, whereas e-learning gives more opportunities for independent learning. There is no face-toface interaction in e-learning, whereas, in flipped-learning, the learners get a chance to interact in real-time. The participants of e-learning courses were urged to incorporate some sort of realtime interaction, whether online or face-to-face.

CPEC is deeply interconnected with federal structural in Pakistan. There is a difference of opinion amongst the scholars and policy makers regarding the impact of CPEC on federalism in Pakistan. This paper is an attempt to analyze liberal framework of federation and its connection with neoliberal development project of CPEC. In neoliberal framework, the decentralization and distribution of resources amongst the federating units and sub-national identities seems complex puzzle. The dominant forces amongst federating units joined same elite class for the protection of their own interest. This elite concentration and bargain model is reciprocal to the fundamental idea of federation. This paper demonstrates that CPEC is sharpening the unevenness amongst the federating units and sub-national identities.

This paper aims to explore the ecocritical perspective of Ted Hughes in his poetry as an alternative and complementary approach to anthropocentrism. The present study, immersed in the ecocritical theoretical insights, is significant in terms of pinpointing Hughes' contribution to advocating the need to promote Eco-friendly and symbiotic attitudes for ensuring what is termed as ecological balance. In his poetry, it is evident that nature still retains vigor, vitality, and primal energy, which is lost by man. Obsessed with the idea of conquering nature, which has its roots in the enlightenment ideologies of the nineteenth century, reason-led humans have taken a dangerous route to reach the pinnacle of worldly success by defeating the environment around which man believes, is his enemy so must be vanquished. Ted Hughes is the one finest nature poets of the twentieth century, highly acclaimed for his treatment of nature,environment, animals, and symbiotic relationship between man and his environment. Animals and ecological concerns frequently appear in his poetry, and he shows a delicate and human concern for the non-human creatures and believes in the harmonious co-existence of humans and non-humans. This paper explores bio centrism in Ted’s poetry as an alternative and complementary approach to anthropocentrism.

The government's role as a digital platform brings with it challenges including the possibility that the freedom of expression and the right to privacy conflict with each other in the digital space. The citizen's privacy becomes exposed to new vulnerabilities. A citizen's voice, vote and changes in status, can be stolen or sabotaged with catastrophic individual and national consequences. Individual digital identity also must fall under digital property laws. One citizen's exercise of free speech can be trespassing of digital space for another citizen. The jurisdiction of the state in digital space must be redefined. The writ of the state in digital space must be more pervasive, and yet more narrowly defined,to protect the rights of all citizens.

Start-up behaviour is a key resource for entrepreneurial investment decisions. Economic Corridors are a new form of regional and beyond regional entrepreneurial collaborations. The present research aimed at operationalising the measurement scale for industrial entrepreneurs' start-up behaviour in the context of entrepreneurship under economic corridors. Particularly, the present study is committed to developing, contextualising, and statistically pilot testing the measurement scale of start-up behaviour of industrial entrepreneurs. This study applied EFA, validity, and reliability tests on the 6-items constructed for Start-up Behavior.Data was collected from the owners, shareholders, members of the board of directors and Chief level executives of 425 manufacturing organisations (e.g., also known as industrial entrepreneurs) in Pakistan. Results of this scale contextualisation process confirmed that initial developed 7 items were reduced to 6-items, and 1-item was deleted at the stage of face & content validity. The final form of measurement scale for Start-up Behavior consisted of 6- items under 1-factor. Moreover, this study described and presented a systematic process for scale development, scale contextualisation, and statistical pilot testing to ensure the factorisation/extraction of factors, reliability and validity for the
newly operationalised scales for start-up behaviour. This study contributed to the body of knowledge for behavioural sciences, entrepreneurship, and economic corridors by providing a 6-item measuring scale of industrial entrepreneurs' start-up behaviour. This study is also an added advantage for the owners of the manufacturing firms and policymakers up to the extent that they were able to analyse the six behavioural factors for investment in the new start-ups.

Regional politics, safety dynamics, and national protection of South Asia are intensely interlinked with the traditional and non-traditional issues prevailing. A substantial effort and energy are converted into procuring the weapons instead of working towards economic growth. All these crises will have a profound consequence on regional security, ultimately affecting the peace of the rest of the International Community. Superpowers fulfilling their malign agendas through smaller States against Pakistan, Afghanistan, and India in the South Asian region with the promise of aid. The functional regional security architecture is critical to secure South Asia’s development and security. The tower should be capable of vending with traditional and non-traditional security dilemmas.

The purpose of this research was to examine the Impact of Narcissistic Leadership (NL) on Employee’s Behavioral Cynicism (BOC) with the mediation of Organizational Aggression (OA) and moderation of Workplace Gossiping (WG) in the FMCG sector of Pakistan. OA was studied as a mediator that was brought in between the relationship of NL on BOC to see what impact it made on them. A quantitative method was used in this study, and the data was collected through survey questionnaires from 415 workers of FMCG companies operating in Pakistan using the convenience sampling technique, a type of non-probabilistic sampling. An adopted structured questionnaire was used in this research by using a cross-sectional study and a self-administered survey. SPSS is used for demographics frequency analysis, and SMART PLS 4 is used for SEM, validity and reliability analysis. However, H1 results revealed that NL had a significant impact on BOC. Whereas H2, looking at the mediation results,OA was found to have the mediation on the relationship between NL on EBC shows complete mediation. Further, H3, WG significantly moderated the relationship of NL with EBC. Therefore, the Leader member exchange (LMX) theory supports H1, the AET model supports H2 and self- verification & LMX theory supports H3.