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http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-II).01 10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-II).01 Published : Jun 2023Impact of Domestic Infrastructure upon Athlete's Interest, Motivation and Participation in Sport: A Case Study of Domestic Cricket Balochistan
Organized sports are popular around the globe as a way of entertainment for the spectators as well as a lucrative career for the athletes and sportsmen and sportswomen. However, the number of athletes in Pakistan is comparatively less. This study is carried out to establish the reasons of a smaller number of people opting for sports as career generally and cricket specially. Motivation is a force which prompts an individual to act accordingly for the achievement of set objectives. Participation in sports can be enhanced by encouraging young men and women. Motivation can be created through provision of basic facilities as well as considering other psychological factors. Impact of infrastructure, coaching facilities, remuneration and other psychological factor on the interest of cricketers is explored to suggest ways to create a conducive environment to enhance the participation of cricketers in Balochistan, Pakistan.
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Infrastructure, Coaching, Financial Incentive, Domestic Cricket, Selection Criteria
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(1) Muhammad Aslam
Lecturer Health and Physical Education, Government College of Physical Education, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan.
(2) Shahid Ali Khan
Director Physical Education, College Education Department, Government Degree Boys College, Korangi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
(3) Nusrah Asad
Principal, Khadija Girls College Korangi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
The Effects of the Afghan Issue on Pakistan's Political Dynamics: An Analysis of the General Musharraf Administration
After the incident of 9/11, Afghanistan emerged as a terrorist state before the face of the world. To eradicate the militant factors the USA initiated a war against terror with the help of her allies on the soil of Afghanistan. This paper aims to analyze the efforts of Pakistan to bring harmony, peace and development to Afghanistan. The Afghan political scenario is a "multi-political scenario" in which different types of stakeholders show their political legitimacy over the masses. The capitalist class led by the USA and the socialist class by the Russians are the antagonistic factors in this regard. Another major group in this regard is the Islamic agenda group, having a culture of arms and is also a main participant in the Afghan political setup. The political legitimacy of the different groups has de-railed whole the system on the verge of chaos. The main focus of this paper is to determine the struggles of Pakistan to restore the true political system in Afghanistan through the participation of all the stakeholders in the scenario.
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Harmony, Islamization, Legitimacy, Negotiations, Pakistanââ¬â¢s Struggles, Peace, Taliban, wars in Afghanistan
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(1) Sajid Hussain
PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science & IR, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Azmat Ali Shah
Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science & IR, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Gulzar khan
PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science & IR, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan
Role of Individual's Subjective Well-Being in Exposure to Hate Material on Twitter; An Analysis of Lahore-Based University Students
The research examines the association between hate material exposure and subjective well- being on Twitter using a sample of private and public universities in Lahore. The researcher aims to identify how life happiness & satisfaction are associated with higher exposure to hate material. Data is collected through an online survey (n = 400). The researcher used the theoretical framework of Routine Activity Theory. The findings of the research did not determine any significant relationship between the lower level of subjective well-being and exposure to hate material on Twitter (p > 0.05) because hatred content is easily available and accessible on the Internet and does not require any specific psychological or behavioural situation for having being exposed. Attention is given to the problems which become the cause of sharing hateful content online. The study recommends that SNS should focus more on policies to control hateful content as it is targeting people who result in violent behaviours.
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Subjective Well-being, Exposure, Online Hate Material, Routine Activity Theory
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(1) Farwa Manzoor
M.Phil. Scholar, School of Media and Communication Studies, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Tanveer Hussain
Assistant Professor, Department of Communication and Media Research, School of Communication Studies, University of Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Effect of Professional Learning Communities on Student Achievement at the Secondary School Level
The study examined the effect of professional learning communities (PLC) on the achievement of students. PLC is about developing collaborative learning among colleagues to enhance the performance of an organization within a specific environment. Student achievement has defined the performance of students which can be evaluated with the help of tests. Data were gathered from SSTs (N=890) involving three districts (Sheikhupura, Kasur, and Lahore) through a multistage sampling technique. The study adopted the Professional Learning Communities Assessment (PLCA) scale to examine the PLC which was developed by Olivier et al. (2010). Student achievement scores were obtained from their respective schools based on BISE results of 10th grade. The study found that teachers strongly agreed that they were part of PLC in their institutions. The study also found a moderate and significant relationship between both PLC and student achievement (r=.71), and a 41% variance in student achievement could be explained with the help of PLC. Overall, female teachers were found better than male teachers, while urban teachers were better than urban teachers for being part of PLC. The recommendations were also added to the given study.
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Supportive and Supportive Leadership, Collective Learning and Application, Target Oriented, Supportive Conditionsââ¬âRelationships, Shared Personal Practice, Supportive Conditions-structures
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(1) Muhammad Akram
Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Saira Taj
Assistant Professor, Department of STEM Education, Faculty of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Muhammad Irfan Malik
Lecturer in Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar Campus, Punjab, Pakistan.
New Trends in the Historiography of Pakistan: A Case Study of Writings by Prof. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla
One of the recent developments in South Asian historiography is the adoption of new approaches for each of its sub-disciplines. Historiographical scholarship has also discovered new avenues including exploration of the ignored and marginalized aspects of history. Muhammad Iqbal Chawla is one of such academicians who has left a strong mark on the field of historiography by making multifaceted and original contributions. These can be ascertained by a comprehensive assessment of his entire intellectual cum scholarly sojourn. Dr Chawla has attempted to create to put a new face in the varied field of historiography in Pakistan and he has largely succeeded in his endeavour. The main aim of this research paper is to assess his contribution. This objective can best be achieved by a thorough perusal of his contributions to historiography from multiple perspectives as the author has tried to do so in this article.
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Historiography, Discourse, Freedom Movement, History of Pakistan, New Trends in History, Subaltern Studies, Colonial Punjab, Post-colonialism
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(1) Adnan Tariq
Assistant Professor, Institute of History, Government College University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Social Context Cannabis Scale
The objective of the present study was to cross-culturally adapt and validate the SCCS among individuals from various cultural backgrounds. A study was conducted with a sample size of 300 individuals, whose ages ranged from 18 to over 40 years old, and who had attained at least a secondary school education level. A multi-step process was utilized to conduct the study, which aimed to ensure that the current scale is culturally appropriate for the target population. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated a significant correlation between the items, as evidenced by the high factor loadings and communalities. These findings suggest that the items share a common variance across all three factors. Based on the current results, it can be concluded that the Urdu- translated version of SCCS is a valid and reliable tool for assessing cannabis use in various socio- cultural contexts.
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Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Validation, Social Context
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(1) Safia Ashfaq
PhD Scholar, Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Islamabad. Pakistan.
(2) Kehkashan Arouj
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Islamabad. Pakistan.
Insights into Significant Contribution by Local Government toward Community Development in the Bahawalpur Division
This research investigates the role of local government institutions in promoting community development in Bahawalpur division from 2001 to 2018. The provision of municipal amenities is crucial for community growth, and local governments are expected to play a significant role in enhancing social, political, and cultural development. However, financial constraints, lack of education, community participation, and infrastructural development hinder their effective functioning. The study used statistical sampling techniques and analyzed the data using regression, and correlation analysis. The results show a positive trend in the contribution of local government towards community development, with a significant positive relation between the local government budget, community participation, education level, and infrastructure development. The study suggests that local governments should prioritize allocating sufficient budgets for community development programs and encourage community engagement in decision-making processes. Overall, the study highlights the significance of local government institutions in promoting community development in Bahawalpur division.
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Budget, Bahawalpur, Community Participation, Decision-making Process, Grassroots Level, Infrastructural Development, Local Government
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(1) Muhammad Asim
PhD Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Ikram Ullah
Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Muhammad Akhtar
PhD Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies, The Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
The Urgency of Legislative Measurements Regarding Monitoring of Toshakhana Pakistan
Toshakhana is a government-owned department administered by the cabinet division of Pakistan, has become a contentious issue in the recent decade due to the perception that it is used as a tool for corruption and for making assets by the state functionaries and also having uncertainty in its procedural laws. The masses are unlettered about the concept of Toshakhana which leads to controversies amongst the subjects of the state. The current study looked into its basic concept, regulations and procedural management. It also analyzed defects and misappropriations of valuable items by the state functionaries. Data was collected from secondary sources like existing rules, regulations, E-papers, talk shows and news on different channels and processed through qualitative research analysis. The lack of exclusive procedural laws on this subject and poor implementation of prevailing rules came out as the main conclusion and also led to drawing recommendations for adequate monitoring and management of Toshakhana.
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Misuse, Procedures, Toshakhana, State Functionaries
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(1) Haleema Sadia
LLB Student, Department of Law, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Tabinda Rani
Lecturer, Department of Law, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Rimsha Khan
Visiting Faculty, Department of Law, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan
An Analysis of Muslim History from Ancient to Ertugrul Ghazi: A Way Forward
This study analyses features of Islamic historical facts and inspiring storytelling, highlights important aspects of ancient Islamic history, and is best understood as a religious tale with some room for creative interpretation. It will look at the historical circumstances surrounding the founding of Islam, including the caliphates that were chosen at the time because, as many accounts imply, they served as the cornerstone of the Muslim community. The article makes an effort to understand the inspiring Islamic history in this light, with a focus on elucidating those components that do not naturally correspond with the recorded tale. The research also makes an effort to accomplish these goals while placing a special emphasis on the Ottoman Empire and the history of Ertugrul.
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Islamic History, Ertugrul Ghazi, Ottoman Empire, Muslim Community, Mecca
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(1) Sajida Begum
Assistant Professor, School of Political Science, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Iqra Jathol
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Political Science, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan.
A Study on School Leadership Effectiveness at Secondary Level in Punjab
Leadership is the art of motivating a group of individuals to do tasks in achieving desired goals. The leader is a source of inspiration for workers. The purpose of the study was to examine the school leadership effectiveness at the secondary level in Punjab. The study was quantitative in nature and survey design was used. Three hundred principals, headmasters and headmistresses of secondary schools of districts Hafiz Abad and Sargodha were the samples of the study. For data collection, an instrument that was based on three factors i.e. anticipation, alignment and action was used. Five educational experts ensured the validity of the instrument and the Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient value was 0.86. Mean, Standard Deviation, and independent sample t-tests were applied for analysis.The findings of the study revealed that there was a significant difference between male and female heads in school leadership effectiveness. Male leaders were better in school leadership effectiveness as compared to female leaders. Training is recommended for female leaders.
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School Leadership Effectiveness, Transactional, Transformational
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(1) Khizar Hayat
Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Ihsan
Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Naveed Tufail
PhD, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
State and Society under the Zikris in Makran: A Historical Account
Makran is the South-Western division of Balochistan, Pakistan and the South-Eastern region of Sistan-wa-Balochistan, Iran. Makran has been of great importance to many superpowers of the last thirteen centuries. Macedonians, Sassanid Persians, Sindhi Brahmins, and Arabs had all laid nominal claim to Makran at various times. It has been the battlefield for several ancient powers such as Sassanid, Indians and Greek. Throughout the medieval era, it was dominated by the Arabs and other Central Asian dynasties such as the Seljuks, Ghaznavids and Ghorids. During the 16th century, it was also invaded by the Portuguese. However, authority always remained with local rulers, particularly the Maliks, the Buledis and the Ghichkis. The Zikris are the followers of Sayyid Muhammad Jaunpuri and recognized him as Mahdi. During the 15th century, the Zikrism spread rapidly in Makran and gained considerable political support as it succeeded to establish a state in Makran. However, during the 18th
century, the Zikri State was attacked and occupied by the ruler of Kalat State, Khan Mir Nasir Khan. The Zikri ruled Makran for almost three centuries, which was known for justice, peace and prosperity in Makran. The paper examines the historical development of the Zikri State in Makran and also discusses its socio-political structure and administration in the light of primary sources.
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Zikri, Makran, Sayyid Muhammad Jaunpuri, Mahdi
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(1) Mubarak Ayub
Ph.D. Candidate, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Safi Ullah Khan Marwat
Assistant Professor, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Learning Community Growth among Remoteness: Temporal and Technological Dimension
In an important way, this study investigates various aspects of community development and social support among participants in computer technology-enhanced distance education programs. The current analysis focuses on the characteristics that define communities and how students build and maintain them. Drawing on a series of interviews with 17 students, the study highlights the importance of community and its contribution to supporting them. This process is very important in developing a sense of community among students. Students derive satisfaction from the temporal intimacy of live lectures and the associated whisper facility for socializing in Web Relay Chat. They also exploited the near-simultaneous use of email and the timing of assignment submissions to subtly initiate email exchanges among themselves, as observed in the study. Overall, the interviews conducted in the study indicated that a strong sense of community benefits both individuals and programs, supporting educators' efforts to create such communities for online learners.
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Community Growth, Remoteness, Computer Technology, Distance Education, Students
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(1) Altaf Hussain Abro
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Sindh University, Laar Campus Badin, Sindh, Pakistan.
(2) Kirshan Kumar Luhana
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Sindh University, Laar Campus Badin, Sindh, Pakistan.
(3) Ali Raza
Bahria University, Karachi Campus, Sindh, Pakistan.
The Indecisive Role of English and Urdu in Multilingual Pakistan
The paper explores Pakistani graduate EFL learners' attitudes towards the increasing significance of the English language at national and global levels in the contemporary world. The analysis adopts a qualitative style, using twenty interviews to gain painstaking insights into the learners' linguistic attitudes. The research scrutinizes the socio, contextual and cultural factors that impact Pakistani learners' perceptions of English. The study reveals that while Pakistani learners appear uncertain about English in addition to its culture, they have adopted the educational and social functions of the language. The outcomes indicate the linguistic imperialism and symbolic capital of English, as individuals contemplate it as essential for socioeconomic advancement in Pakistan. The study's results can help academicians and officials assess the potential impacts of English on the roles of local languages, particularly in Pakistan's education system.
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EFL Learners, Pakistan, Socio-Cultural, Contextual, Education, Socio-Economic
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(1) Amna Saeed
Student, Department of Linguistics and Communications, Institute of Liberal Arts, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Aamna Zafar
Student, Department of Linguistics and Communications, Institute of Liberal Arts, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Arshad Ali Khan
Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics and Communications, Institute of Liberal Arts, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
An Instance of Corruption during the Hajj and Pakistan's Far-Superior Judiciary System
The Supreme Court of Pakistan received a letter from the government of Saudi Arabia claiming corruption in the Ministry of Religious Affairs' hajj arrangements. In response to the letter, the court invited the Secretaries of religious and foreign affairs to clarify their respective positions. A committee of lawmakers was formed to investigate the situation. On September 1, 2010, the committee issued a report to the prime minister of Pakistan and the chief justice of the supreme court that confirmed Hujjaj's building-rental irregularities. In response to the complaints of several Hujjaj, Justice Khalil Ul Rehman Ramday forwarded the summary with the following comments: "Many individuals came to me in Makah Mukarramah.Complaints were even submitted in writing. "Action as may be thought suitable to eliminate the sufferings of thousands of Hajjis who spend their entire lives saving pennies to perform Hajj, only to have the money they've earned through their blood and sweat lost." The article explores the Hajj corruption issue and the role of Pakistan's Supreme Court. A qualitative study employing content analysis as an analysis method has been undertaken. For primary sources, judicial decisions, the statements of prominent jurists, parliamentary actions, and biographies have been consulted.
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Corruption, Supreme Court, Ministry of Hajj Affair
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(1) Muhammad Siraj Khan
Lecturer Law College, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Naghma Farid
Lecturer Law College, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Farhaj Sikander Yar Khan
Ph.D Scholar, Department of Political Science, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.
Nexus between Pakistani Firm's Profitability and Foreign Direct Investment
Globalization and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have a very strong association. FDI increases competition, externalities, domestic firm profitability, technology transfer, knowledge transfer, manpower training, market networking, and economic benefits. This study examined how foreign direct investment affects Pakistani banks' profits. The analysis used 1996–2015 time series data. EViews estimated the research model. The study uses the autoregressive model for finding any association between the response variable, profitability of domestic companies, and the net FDI inflows (percentage of GDP), FDI (foreign direct investment), and four response variable lags. Return on Assets (ROA) quantified domestic firm profitability. The model indicated and the coefficient showed that ROA and FDI and FDI per capita have a positive significant association, but ROA and ROA (-4) in the host country have a negative significant link. Pakistani firms will profit more as FDI increases.
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Awareness of Cybersecurity, Cyberattacks, Readiness, SMB
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(1) Noor Jehan
Department of Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP Pakistan.
(2) Fahim Nawaz
Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Ali Zeb
School of Business, Zhengzhou University, Henan, The People's Republic of China.
Management Practices in Private and Public Higher Education Institutions
The study's goal is to compare and contrast public and private university administration practices in Pakistan. Using a random sampling technique, 200 institutional heads from (various departments) of public and private institutions (universities) of Punjab were selected for the study.According to the study, managing operations at higher education institutions in these locations is difficult for both commercial and governmental universities. However, these two categories of institutions' management strategies differ significantly from one another. According to the survey, private institutions of higher learning place a greater emphasis on marketing and financial
management than public ones. Private institutions place a high priority on promoting their offerings to draw students and donor support as compared to public institutions.
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Management, Public and Private, Educational Institute
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(1) Muhammad Iqbal
Lecturer, (Visiting Faculty) Department of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, Thal University Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Yasir Mustafa
Headmaster, Elementary and Secondary Education, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Farah Latif Naz
Lecturer, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
From the "Lock" to "Advanced": the Midwest Higher Education Revitalization of Path Dependence and Possible Solutions
Due to the restriction of "Western consciousness", structural contradictions in the spatial distribution, poor interference in special policies etc., "Middle and Western Higher Education" is an important concept under the triple incentives of social cognition, technical route and policy formulation be formed. The development mode, spindle-shaped school hierarchy, and two-level management system hinder the revitalization of Midwest higher education, resulting in cognitive, technology, and design lock-ins as the three forms of path dependence. Establish the value concept of strengthening the school with quality, and take the connotative development as the revitalization. The top priority of the development work; build a pyramid-shaped school-running hierarchy, and take a characteristic rather than a comprehensive development path; plus, Greater support for institutions of higher learning in the middle and western regions, and the expansion of the overall planning and management authority of the provincial government, is the starting point for the revival of the advanced education in the middle and western regions. Possible solutions from "Locked" to "Advanced".
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Higher education in the Midwest, Western awareness, Revitalization, Lock-in, Advanced
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(1) Zhu Wenhui
Professor, Department of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
(2) Murtaza Khan
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
(3) Shaista Irshad Khan
Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan.
Learner vs Teacher Centered Classes: Critical Discourse Analysis of Stakeholders' Stance from Socio-Cognitive Perspective
The research conducted for this study took place in a Pakistani educational institution. It compared the learner-centred (LC) and teacher-centred (TC) methods and investigated the learners' opinions regarding each method. This study employed qualitative methodology. Two classroom discussions were recorded in LC and TC modes to capture data. Participants in the study were given an open-ended questionnaire. Analyses of data were guided by Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). The application of the socio-cognitive model (Dijk, 2006) and 3D model (Fairclough, 1995) revealed speech and ideology differences between TC and LC. The learners preferred the LC method. This research will encourage other academics to research different instruction methods. This research will also benefit applied linguists, particularly language teachers, to determine the effectiveness of teaching methods.
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Learner-Centered Method, Teacher-Centred Method, Teaching Methodology, Critical Discourse Analysis, Socio-Cognitive Model, 3D Model
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(1) Nadia Nisar
PhD Scholar, Department of English Linguistics, Government College Woman University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Sabboor Hussain
Assistant Professor, Department of English Linguistics, Government College Woman University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan.
Ethics and Privacy in Irish Higher Education: A Comprehensive Study of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools Implementation at University of Limerick
This research paper presents an insightful investigation into the perceptions and ethical considerations of students regarding the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools in academia, particularly focusing on the University of Limerick in Ireland. Herein, AI tools like OpenAI's ChatGPT have emerged as valuable assets in promoting interactive learning and enhancing student engagement. Thus, this research aimed to explore the privacy and ethical considerations students have regarding the use of AI tools in education. Using a quantitative methodological approach, the study solicited the attitudes, opinions, and patterns of students towards AI utilities. The study revealed intriguing perspectives on data privacy concerns associated with AI tools. Students from technology and science-focused schools displayed a higher degree of concern, suggesting their deeper understanding of potential privacy implications. Conversely, students from arts, humanities, and social sciences, and law politics & public administration displayed slightly lower levels of concern.
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Artificial Intelligence, Ethical Considerations, Privacy Concerns, ChatGPT, University of Limerick
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(1) Muhammad Irfan
PhD Researcher, School of English, Irish and Communication, University of Limerick, Ireland.
(2) Fahad Aldulaylan
PhD Scholar, School of Linguistics, University of Limerick, Ireland.
(3) Yahya Alqahtani
PhD Scholar, School of Linguistics, University of Limerick, Ireland.
Factors Influencing Motorists' Injury Severities: An Empirical Assessment of Crashes in District Peshawar, Pakistan
Travelling in a motor car is a popular mode of conveyance across Pakistan. Similarly, motorists constitute about 66% of total registered cars in Peshawar District which observed a 200% increase from 2006 to 2016. The current research estimates a Random Parameter Logit (RPL) Model by heterogeneousness means & variations in order to identify various parameters that contribute to the motorists' brutality of injury. The effects of motorist traits, temporal characteristics, motor vehicle features, roadway attributes, weather characteristics and effects of speed limits were predominantly considered for this analysis. Generally, typical approximation results show that the chance and severity of injuries increase for accidents including young drivers, winter indicators, and crashes that occurred
between 10 AM-02 PM. Likewise, minor wound smashes are more likely to involve senior drivers, occurring during sunny weather, in the autumn season and in the month of August. Safety measures are suggested based on the findings of this research study to improve professional's motorist safety e.g. educating drivers about traffic rules and safety, zero tolerance for driving without a valid license, and enforcing speed limits on the roads. The results of this study will help in formulating strategies to improve motorists' safety.
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Injury Severity, Motor Car, Random Parameter Logit Model, Motorists, Peshawar.
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(1) Haroon Rashid
PhD Scholar, Department of Urban & Regional Planning, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
(2) S. Akhtar Ali Shah
Professor, Department of Urban & Regional Planning, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Sheikh Muhammad Usman
Lecturer Civil Department CECOS University, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
A Study of Developing a Prototype of Sindhi Primer of Early Childhood Education Level in Sindh
Sindhi is the most ancient language of the sub-continent and has been used as a medium of instruction in this region through centuries. The writing history of the Sindhi Language starts from Indus Civilization in the era of pictographic scripts being used for sister civilizations. Observing ground and historical realities, Sindhi is one of the most important languages of the world. For the study and development of language, it is necessary to develop primary textbooks. In our country, the teaching of language is a specialized skill. The primer (textbook) has a very milestone role in teaching and learning of respective language. The Sindhi Primers of public and private sectors were not as per the standard of other language primers. As per basic language skills textual and spelling forms' analysis, there were found only three primers of more than 50% success rate, while others were of very low standard with less than the success rate of 30%. Therefore it was a dire need to develop and design a Model Sindhi Primer based on the new revised National Curriculum with a 100% success rate of speaking, listening,
reading, writing and understanding skills of the Sindhi Language for effective learning in early childhood class in schools of Sindh. The primer under research is an effective learning model primer which fulfils sufficient needs of learners and teachers for teaching and learning of Sindhi Language.The primer under research is also a Model Primer for textbook writers and authors in developing and designing any textbook in accordance with learning outcomes and objectives described in the curriculum.
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The Sindhi Primer, Designing, Developing, Textbook.
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(1) Abdul Karim Samejo
Additional Secretary, School Education and Literacy Department, Government of Sindh, Pakistan.
(2) Ajab Ali Lashari
Lecturer, Department of Education Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
(3) Sumaira Suleman Mahar
MS Scholar, Department of Education, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
The Effect of Workplace Ostracism on Knowledge Sharing Influence and Task Performance: The Mediating Role of Organization
The focus of this research study is to investigate how workplace ostracism influenced employee task performance, as mediated by knowledge sharing. Workplace ostracism may make it hard to engage with one another and limit opportunities for social interaction which may have an impact on how well coworkers share knowledge and how well they carry out the necessary result. The study is purely applied. The study's technique also aids in providing the actual picture of workplace ostracism and how it impacts employee task performance with the mediation of knowledge sharing. Employees selected from IT sector organizations in Pakistan's Karachi are the study's target respondents. The population is to be around 400 participants. This research's main focus is to broaden the literature by understanding the influence of knowledge sharing mediated the relationships between workplace ostracism and task performance.
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Workplace Ostracism, Knowledge Sharing, Task Performance, IT Industry
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(1) Asghar Ali Sahito
Lecturer, Institute of Commerce & Management, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.
(2) Noreen Hassan
Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Gulshan Campus, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
(3) Ghulam Murtaza Lahbar
Benazir School of Business, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Science Journalism in Pakistani Print Media: A Content Analysis of Daily Dawn and The News International
Science journalism is a special form of journalism that primarily covers topics such as science, engineering, technology etc. This study has been conducted to find out the coverage of Science Journalism in Pakistani English Print Media. The researcher applied both Qualitative and Quantitative content analysis methods for the collection of the data. Through this method the researcher collected data from the Pakistani English newspaper; Daily Dawn and The Daily News International. The researcher collected data from five pages including pages 1, 2, 3 4 and 12. The researcher collected data from three days including Monday, Wednesday and Friday through a systematic sampling procedure from 6 months of Newspapers (N=72+72=144). It is found that both newspapers covered science journalism whereas; a total of 211 news stories were published in 6 months from January 1, 2022, to June 30, 2022. Daily The News published 46.9% while 53.1% were published by Daily Dawn. The results revealed that The Daily Dawn has given more coverage as compared to The News International in the last six months of 2022 science journalism.
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Content Analysis, Print Media, Science Journalism, Science Coverage, Science Communication
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(1) Shehzad Khan
Undergraduate Scholar, Department of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Sajjad Ali
Assistant professor, Department of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Abdul Shakoor
Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Lahore Leads University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Impact of Perceived Internal Respect and Thriving on Subjective Well-being: Mediating Mechanism of Organizational Identification
The conception of subjective well-being (SWB) is crucial in management research. Through organizational identification (OI), our study explored the effects of perceived internal respect (PIR) and thriving at work (TW) on SWB in Pakistan's service industry. We used a non-probability sampling method and PROCESS Macros and gathered the data from the employees. The relationship between PIR and TW is positively related to OI, which is positively associated with SWB. The association of PIR and TW with SWB is mediated by OI. Organisations that employ diverse practices to support SWB may also be affected by this study's findings. Additionally, managers can learn to enhance the benefits of PIR, TW and OI.
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Subjective Well-being (SWB), Perceived Internal Respect (PIR), Thriving, Organizational Identification (OI)
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(1) Syed Abid Husain Shah
Institute of Management Sciences, IMS, (Pak-AIMS), Department of Management Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Imran Khan
HoD, Institute of Management Sciences, IMS, (Pak-AIMS), Department of Management Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Asmat Nawaz Khattak
Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, IMS, (Pak-AIMS), Department of Management Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Unlocking the Power of Schema Theory based Pre-Reading Activities: Enhancing Reading Comprehension at the Intermediate Level
The study evaluated the efficacy of schema theory-based pre-reading activities in enhancing intermediate-level reading comprehension. The study was conducted solely on first-year English students at GHSS Togh Bala Kohat. The study involved 60 first-year students, divided into two groups of 30 participants each. The study employed two groups, a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group underwent five English lessons utilizing schema theory-based brainstorming activities while the control group received traditional instruction. Pre- and post-tests were administered to students to evaluate their performance and assess the outcomes of schema theory-based pre-reading exercises. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS. The study revealed that incorporating schema theory-based pre-reading exercises in teaching resulted in superior academic performance of students compared to those who were not exposed to such activities. After a period of four months, retention tests were conducted once more. The findings indicated that Schema-based pre-reading exercises improved students’ performance.
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Schema Theory, Cognitive Theory, Pre-Reading Activities
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(1) Shah Jehan
Lecturer, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Farid Ullah Khan
Assistant Professor, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science and Technology. Kohat, PK, Pakistan.
(3) Abdul Wahab
Lecturer, Department of Education and Psychology, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan.
Role of Teachers' Affective Support for Reducing Students' Emotional Exhaustion in Higher Education in Pakistan
The study determined the connection between teachers' affective commitment along with emotional exhaustion among students with the mediation of students' self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation in Pakistan. 309 responses have been collected from the students of HEIs in Karachi whereas PLS-SEM was employed to analyze data. Teachers’ affective support positively impacts students' self-efficacy and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, whereas students' self-efficacy and extrinsic motivation harm students' emotional exhaustion. Regarding mediation analysis, the study revealed that Teachers' affective support harms students' emotional exhaustion with the mediating effects of students' self-efficacy as well as extrinsic motivation. Practitioners or educational psychologists must realize the likelihood that students' motivation and self-efficacy are possible approaches in which teacher affective support is associated with emotional exhaustion when administering such
interventions.
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Teachers' Affective Support, Students' Motivation, Self-Efficacy, Emotional Exhaustion, Higher Education Institutes
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(1) Nasir Ali
Adjunct Faculty and Research Scholar, Institute of Business Management & Healthcare Management (IBHM), DOW University of Health Science, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
(2) Shahnawaz Tunio
School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China.
(3) Narjis Unar
Research Fellow, Department of Education, Institute of Business Management (IoBM), Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Allegorical Interpretation of Powers' The Overstory: A Postmodern Study
This study debates The Overstory from a postmodern allegorical point of view to draw multiple meanings. In essence, postmodern allegory draws attention to a text's true meaning. By analyzing the various symbols and emblems in Richard Powers' The Overstory, this study seeks to examine postmodern allegory and determine what it all means. Because in addition to being a classic allegory, it demonstrates the variety of meanings that may be ascribed to various visual and textual elements. It continues to be inviting. The idea has been divided into other categories, such as the relationship between trees and people, trees and other living things, and trees and spirituality. In the "Tree and Human" segment, the relationship between the two is looked at from a variety of angles to convey a variety of meanings through the characters. The importance of nature's life is demonstrated
in the second section of "Tree and the Other Living Things." The fourth and final part connects the connections between people and trees as a spiritual incarnation.
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Postmodernism, Postmodern Allegory, Overstory, Postmodern Fiction
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(1) Saba Rashid
MPhil Scholar, Department of English, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Asim Karim
Professor, Department of English, University of Wah, Wah Cantt, Punjab, Pakistan.
Exposure to Social Media Advertisements Regarding Cosmetics and Purchasing Behaviour of the Women
Cosmetic products are very important for women. Nowadays women are very conscious while purchasing their products. Women use a vast variety of cosmetic products, such as soap, shampoo, perfume, skincare or make-up. In Pakistan nowadays many cosmetic product companies advertise their products as a need which eventually appeals to a vast majority of women. Many companies use different social applications for advertisements. The Facebook application was selected as a medium for advertisement. This research study includes an analysis of the exposure to social media advertisements regarding cosmetics and purchasing behaviour of women. Specifically, this investigation is based on this specific objective. The research reveals that women are affected by social media advertisements. The study was anchored on the hierarchy of effect model. The target population comprised women. A simple random sampling technique was used. The survey method was used in the research study. Data were analyzed descriptively. The study revealed that social media advertisements affected the attitude and beliefs of women.
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Advertisement, Social Media, Facebook, Behaviour, Cosmetic Products
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(1) Ashraf Iqbal
Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Mah Noor Fatima
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Qaisar Shehzad Farooq
PhD Scholar, Department of Media & Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
Teachers' Training Impact on Teachers' Professional Development at Primary School Level
Researchers investigated how primary school teachers benefited from their training. A total of 150 public school teachers in primary schools (75 men, 75 women) participated in the study. Using the survey method, the researcher adopted a simple random sampling technique. The researche employed a self-developed questionnaire with a five-point scale to compile the results. The questionnaire consisted of six main aspects. The validity of the research instrument was ensured in light of experts' opinions and pilot testing. The reliability was also ensured properly by applying Cronbach Alpha and its value was found .83. The data collected from respondents was organized properly. The data was analyzed through inferential statistics, and an independent-sample t-test was applied. The data was tabulated, presented and interpreted in a mean score, standard deviation and in the form of t- value to see the significant difference in mean score. It was concluded that teachers' training enhanced theteachers' professional competencies and recommended that teachers' professional training may be conducted continuously.
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Professional Development, Teachers Training, Subject Specialist, Pedagogical Impact, Public Schools
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(1) Bakht Jamal
PhD Scholar, Education, Department of Teacher Education, Faculty of Education, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Shabnam Razaq Khan
Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Sultan Akbar Shah
PhD Scholar, Education, Institute of Education and Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.
Beyond the Stage: Exploring the Transmedial Adaptation of "to be or not to be" in Hamlet on Rooftop
Comics blend linguistic resources and semiotic signs to represent different ideas. The rise of online platforms and the ease of digital distribution has made the production and consumption of comics a common phenomenon. In storytelling, their significance is acknowledged as an effective source of visual representation of sequential art. The present study underpins different techniques and strategies employed by Eisner for blending art and literary discourse to create an adapted comic version of "Hamlet"—named "Hamlet on a Rooftop". This comic is set in urban settings, in which Eisner highlights the themes of revenge, inner conflicts, family politics, etc. Focusing on the comical adaptation of Hamlet's famous soliloquy "to be, or not to be", the current study delineates how Eisner has used visual icons, facial expressions, colours, lettering, etc., to tell a visual narrative. The study also explores how the use of sequential visual style in "Hamlet on a Rooftop" gives the narrative flow to this comic. The study's findings enlist different techniques that work as a tool kit for comic writers to represent different ideas in an exciting fashion with the help of multimodal semiotic signs.
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Comics, Hamlet on Rooftop, Transmedial Adaptation, Semiotic Signs
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(1) Moazzam Ali Malik
Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Irfan
MPhil Scholar, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Muhammad Umair Ayub
MPhil Scholar, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
Cultural Hybridization and Political Upheaval in Khan's City of Spies
Throughout history, political instability has been a persistent issue for diasporic communities, exacerbating the challenges they already face. The present research endeavours to examine the impact of political turmoil on diasporic communities, with a particular focus on its role in shaping cultural identity, hybridity, and conflicting loyalties. The present research employs a qualitative analysis to amalgamate a substantial corpus of literature and deduces that diasporas are significantly impacted by political instability and violence, resulting in adverse outcomes such as relocation, trauma, and cultural identity loss. This study delves into the complexity of diasporic identity and the notion of hybridity, frequently linked to diaspora communities. Empirical evidence suggests that diasporic communities frequently experience a sense of estrangement and encounter competing allegiances due to their inability to fully assimilate their cultural heritage into their novel surroundings. Research has demonstrated the significance of comprehending diasporic identities and the obstacles that individuals encounter, particularly within the framework of contemporary political instability.The research findings highlight the need for policymakers and stakeholders to take into account the distinctive perspectives and experiences of diasporas, particularly in light of current political unrest. In order to comprehend and help diaspora groups, it also emphasizes the need for additional research on diaspora identity, cultural hybridity, and competing loyalties.
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Diasporas, Political Upheaval, Culture Differences, Hybridity, Conflicting Loyalties
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(1) Sara Anam
M.Phil. English Literature, Department of English, Riphah International University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Rana Abdul Munim Khan
Lecturer, Department of English, Riphah International University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Emerging Patterns in Roadside Landscape: A Case Study of Lahore Ring Road
Lahore is a conurbation that has experienced many vicissitudes throughout its existence. Streets and roads have given a route for transportation. This development has introduced new components like underpasses, overhead bridges and a periphery Ring Road. The current study has analyzed the landscape of Lahore Ring Road over a period of four years. The focus of the study is to comprehend the landscape design along the first segment of this road. In order to track the changes in the landscape at this time, visual surveys of the Lahore Ring Road were conducted at interval of four years. The field observations were compared to the digital data to draw comparisons between the two sets of visual evidence. There is already one Ring Road in Peshawar. Given that Rawalpindi is developing a Ring Road, which will eventually include landscape, this analysis assumes greater significance.
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Ring Road, Landscape, Highway, Vegetation
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(1) Samirah Pervaiz
PhD. Scholar, Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Planning, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Fariha Tariq
Associate Professor, School of Architecture and Planning, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Saroosh Tariq
Research Associate, Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Politics of Hate and Social Media: Thematic Analysis of Political Hate Discourses on Facebook
This article documented the presence of politically motivated hate content in online political discourses and also explored major themes against political opponents in Pakistan. A total of 744 posts were collected from Facebook pages affiliated with two major political parties. The amount indicates the significant amount of politically motivated hate content presented in online political discourses. The data were thematically analyzed from which 3 major themes emerged. The data revealed that political discourses were filed with denigration of opposites through abusive and disgusted language followed by the dehumanization of opposites such as naming and comparing with different animals like dogs, pigs etc. It was also found that character assassination was done by framing opposites as morally and socially characterless, by accusing them as sexually corrupt, drug addictive, and as well homosexual etc. Lastly, the opposites were framed as "anti-state", "traitors" and "foreign agents who have become "threats" to national peace, cohesion and integrity of the state and as well to destabilize the country.
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Hate Speech, Media Framing, Thematic Analysis, Political Discourse, Social Media, Pakistani Politics
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(1) Muhammad Akbar
PhD Scholar, Institute of Media and Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Aasima Safdar
Assistant Professor, Institute of Media and Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Neuromarketing; Its Significance in the Marketing World
Neuromarketing allows marketers to profoundly engage with consumers' latent cognitive processing processes to elicit the desired response. Marketing's more complicated phenomenon is pricking the brain's touch spots to accelerate customer response. To determine how neurons in the human mind work in accordance with marketing principles, this conceptual paper aims to answer three questions: the significance of neuromarketing in the marketing world; the impact of neuromarketing on consumer buying behaviour; and the assessment of neuromarketing with conventional marketing techniques considering previous research. This study reveals the systematic literature review. According to neuro-marketing literature, marketers need automated tools to understand human cognitive processes and build customized market offerings for their target clientele. Because customers are ignorant of their goals, automatic response devices and methodologies can help investigate the neurons of the mind responsible for buying actions in consumer purchasing behaviour. Neuroscience and marketing collaborated to create these automated research tools to study human emotions that influence purchases.
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Neuro-marketing, Consumer Behaviour, Ethical Concerns
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(1) Shabana Akbar
Assistant Director, Higher Education Department Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Neelam Akbar
Lecturer, Center for Management and Commerce, University of Swat, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Maira Yousuf
MS Scholar, Institute of Management Studies, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
Addressing Gender Disparities in Education: Empowering Girls through Education in Pakistan
Education may transform everyone's life, regardless of gender. Gender bias remains widespread. Pakistan's rural areas are especially bad. Pakistani women have been exploited since independence. Pakistani women rarely receive constitutional rights. Discrimination against women in the job, school, economy, and politics predates the 20th century. 200 teachers and 200 students from around Pakistan were selected for a good sample. A typical questionnaire assessed the girls' school backgrounds, objectives, and gender equality beliefs. At the schools examined men and women had very different educational opportunities. Lack of resources, social pressures, and discriminatory laws and practices make it tougher for girls to receive an education, according to research. The report concludes that broad governmental action to close the gender education gap is important. It offers gender-sensitive classrooms and community-building projects.
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Gender Disparities, Education, Empowering Girls
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(1) Chaudhry Ibrahim Tahir Farooq
Independent Researcher, Aitchison College Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Haider Nafees Ahmed
Independent Researcher, Kaizen High Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Mohammed Nawab Shinwari
Senior Teaching Assistant, Department of English, Shaikh Zayed University, Khost, Afghanistan.
A Historical Analysis of Pan-Islamism in Sindh during Collapse of the Ottoman Empire
Pan Islam in Sindh played a vital role as a radical wave of the time. First World War was an outcome that significantly awakened Indian Muslims during the Ottoman Collapse. It aimed to unite Muslims of the world under Ottomans' rule against Westernization, promoting the followers of Islam converting to Pan-Islamic sentiments. Besides, Pan-Islamism and actual Islam differ to the core in concepts and even played a role in the historical events that unfolded in the Indian Subcontinent,which emerged as a parallel movement to the Indian Khilafat movement. Moreover, the research paper aims to analyze the role of Pan-Islamism in Indian politics with special reference to Sindh during the Ottoman dissolution, the Muslim Pious Saltant. Hence, the present study's findings would unlock the lanes for investigators, literate, disciplined, and others. Lastly, the proposed research underpins accentuating the contemporary history works on account of modern Sindh, the British colonial period.
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First World War, Pan-Islamism in Sindh, Ottoman Collapse
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(1) Ghulam Rasool
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Muslim History, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
(2) Tarique Hussain Keerio
Lecturer, Department of Basic Sciences and Related Studies, Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan.
(3) Faisal
Lecturer, Department of Basic Science and Humanities, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Relationship between Academic Procrastination, Locus of Control and Creative Self-Efficacy
Past literature has shown that academic procrastination shares a negative association with an internal locus of control and self-variables, including self-esteem, self-regulation and self-efficacy. These self-variables may even have a negative effect on students’ academic performance. The aim of the current study is to explore whether students who have higher creative self-efficacy are less likely to experience academic procrastination. A correlational research design is used. Hence, the current research determines the relationship between academic procrastination, locus of control, and creative self-efficacy in Pakistani undergraduate students. Pearson's Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation is calculated. There are significant correlations between the three variables. Regression analysis indicates that both variables make a significant contribution towards academic procrastination. Results are discussed in light of the literature review.
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Academic Procrastination, Internal Locus of Control, Creative Self-efficacy, Pakistan, Undergraduate Students, Correlational Research
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(1) Zainab Muazzam
Student, Forman Christian College, Gulberg Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Maryam Munir
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Ivan Suneel
Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Transgender Rights Law in Pakistan: Mental Health Perspective
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 is an exclusive statutory law dealing with the rights of transgender persons in Pakistan, the greatest strength of which is the right given to transgender persons to be recognized based on their self-perceived gender identity. However, in its recent judgement, the Federal Shariat Court struck down some of the key sections of this act by declaring them unIslamic. Gender is a social construct and is different from the biological sex. Gender identity, which is the innermost feeling of a person, cannot be changed. Moreover, transgender identity is not a mental disorder and is different from gender dysphoria. This paper discusses the transgender law in Pakistan in detail and the insights from the field of mental health to understand the transgender phenomenon and to handle transgenders' rights in Pakistan by bridging the gaps between the understandings of relevant stakeholders.
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Dysphoria, Identity, Transgender, Mental
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(1) Ali Ajmal
LLM, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Faiza Rasool
Research Scholar, Institute of Applied Psychology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Promoting Inclusive Education for Children with Disabilities in Pakistan
As part of the study, researchers asked both teachers of general education and teachers of special education what they thought about inclusive education. The main goal of this study was to learn more about how Pakistani educators feel about education for all. There were a total of 39 questions in the poll. The validity and reliability of the instrument were determined by trying it with pilot groups and talking to experts in the field. We found the Cronbach alpha, which is a measure of internal stability, by using SPSS. The correlation value was 0.80 as a whole. A t-test and mean values were used to look at the data. A meticulous analysis of the data shows that all teachers are right about how effective inclusive education is and that all teachers support the method. It was also shown that both regular and special-needs teachers feel the same way about inclusive education.
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Inclusive Education, Children, Disabilities, Teachers, Education
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(1) Humera Omer Farooq
PhD Scholar, Assistant Professor, Graphic Design Department College of Art & Design, University of the Punjab Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Rabea Saeed Hassan
Education Consultant, Education Training and Corporate Services and Solutions, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Farrukh Hammad Rasool
Assistant Professor, University College of Art and Design, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
Using IAT to Measure Implicit Biases towards Mental Illness
Mental illness for many years has been perceived in a negative light, greatly impacting the degree of treatment-seeking behaviour, the public attitude towards mental illness, laws and policies and the negative attitudes and associations that are formed towards mental illness. Therefore the research study investigates the attitude of psychology students; given their psychological knowledge about mental illness and evaluates the attributions they make towards mental illness. Participants from different institutions in Lahore participated in this research study and attempted Implicit Association Test to assess whether psychology students are implicitly biased towards the mentally ill or not.Quantitative data were collected and statistically analyzed with the help of SPSS; Independent samples t-test, paired samples test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation were applied to analyze the data. The study concluded that regardless of knowledge and exposure, students of psychology have an implicit bias towards mental illness.
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Attributions, Implicit Biases, IAT, Mental Illness, Mental Health Facilities, Negative Attitude. Public Attitude, Psychology
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(1) Sarima Baig
Visiting Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Elizabeth Schwaiger
Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Unveiling Language Hurdles: Exploring Errors in Written English Paragraphs by Secondary School English Learners
This study examines error analysis in written English paragraphs by secondary school-level English learners. It focuses on 20 participants from Government Girls High School Sambrial, Sialkot, shedding light on their challenges. These learners from the English group navigate a linguistic landscape where English is not their primary mode of communication. Using Chanquoy's (2001) framework, the study categorizes errors in the learners' written paragraphs. It reveals challenges in spelling,capitalization, prepositions, verbs, and sentence structure, with the most common error being improper usage of English articles. The study offers tangible suggestions and recommendations to empower EFL instructors in addressing the hurdles faced by English language learners. It aims to unlock their potential for confident expression in English. This research invites the scholarly community to delve
into language acquisition and error analysis. Addressing challenges faced by secondary school English learners, it aims to enhance education, empowering the new generation to thrive in an interconnected world.
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Error Analysis, L2 Learners, Written English Paragraphs, Language Acquisition, Secondary School
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(1) Komal Akbar
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Linguistics & Communications, University of Management & Technology, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Aqsa Atta
Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics & Communications, University of Management & Technology, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Alia Awan
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Linguistics & Communications, University of Management & Technology, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan.
Need of Guidance and Counselling Framework for Improvement of Students' Learning Outcomes
The study aimed to identify the need of guidance and counselling framework for achieving improved learning outcomes in public sector secondary schools in Larkana. The teachers use corporal punishment to students for achieving academic results. This study determines how learners in public secondary schools in Larkana conceptualized the function of GC in academic achievement. We recruited 167 learners in this paper. The qualitative as well as quantitative method was adopted. The findings showed that most of the students were unaware of the counselling services' availability, they hardly ever used them. The study concluded that secondary schools in Larkana division faced a dearth of proper guidance and counselling framework. According to conclusions, the School Education and Literacy Department Sindh should implement a proper framework of Guidance and Counselling framework.
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Guidance, Counselling, Framework, Expulsion, Learning Outcomes Punishment, Instruction, and Suspension
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(1) Qamar Zaman Bhutto
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Jam Muhammad Zafar
Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) NaeemUllah
Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
The Rise of Artificial Intelligence and Its Influence on Employee Performance and Work
The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on employee performance and work commitment within the workplace, while also acknowledging its limitations. The study employs a qualitative research approach and utilizes a simple random sampling method. Data collection is conducted through online questionnaires using Google Forms. The majority of the respondents (91.8%) fall within the age range of 20-30 years, with a total of 100 participants consisting of 58% females and 42% males. The findings reveal that AI can positively influence employee performance and work engagement. AI refers to the use of computers to simulate intelligent behavior with minimal human intervention. However, there are concerns raised by academics regarding potential job losses and an increase in unemployment rates due to AI. Consequently, this may pose challenges in terms of infrastructure reconstruction, ensuring vehicle safety, and adapting laws and regulations.
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Artificial Intelligence, Employee Performance, Work, Google Forms
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(1) Kirshan Kumar Luhana
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Sindh University Laar Campus, Badin, Sindh, Pakistan.
(2) Atia Bano Memon
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan.
(3) Imran Khan
Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology, International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Prospective Teachers' Perceptions and Experiences with Grading Rubrics: A Survey Study
Grading rubrics are valuable tools in education that clarify expectations, facilitate transparent grading, improve self-regulation, and increase learning outcomes. This paper explores the use and impact of grading rubrics from the perspective of prospective teachers, reviewing literature, research, and a survey. The survey was done with 400 prospective teachers from 4 universities in Lahore, and each of them filled out a questionnaire about their thoughts and experiences with rubrics.The findings of this survey are included in the paper as well. This work contributes to the existing body of research on the use of rubrics in education by giving a detailed and critical evaluation of the research that has already been conducted, as well as by presenting fresh empirical data from the viewpoint of prospective teachers, thus intending to stimulate more research and practice on grading rubrics in the field of education.
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Grading Rubrics, Education, Prospective Teachers, Self-assessment, Peer-assessment
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(1) Tayyaba Tariq Mir
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
(2) Amna Arif
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Teaching Values to Secondary School Students: An Analysis of Teachers' Practices
In this multiple case study, the focus was on how teachers in the selected schools in Narowal cultivate values in their secondary school students. To attain a comprehensive understanding, twenty teachers were purposefully selected for interviews. Qualitative content analysis using NVivo 12 software was used to analyse the gathered data. The research found that these teachers employed diverse approaches to teaching values education. They incorporated storytelling, moral dilemmas, Islamic quotes, examples, activities, games, and projects into their practices. Furthermore, they aimed to foster a positive atmosphere in the classroom by endorsing respect, cooperation, tolerance, and empathy among students. However, the teachers felt hindered by several challenges. They highlighted time constraints due to curriculum overload, the presence of large class sizes, test-oriented educational systems, a diverse student population, and limited resources as factors impeding their effectiveness. Following these findings, it is recommended across society and administration levels that support should be provided to aid secondary school teachers in delivering effective values education.
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Values education, Teachersââ¬â¢ Practices, Secondary school, Qualitative case study, Methods and Constraints
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(1) Imran Khan
Visiting Faculty, Department of Education, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Yaar Muhammad
Associate Professor, Department of Education, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Yasira Waqar
Assistant Professor, Syed Ahsan Ali and Syed Maratib Ali School of Education, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
An Investigation into the Effectiveness of Metacognitive Skills Development Training at University Level
This was an experimental study that has been conducted while taking BS Physics students from a Public sector university based in Lahore. The independent variable for the study was the Metacognitive skills development strategy (Thinking Aloud) enhanced with Cooperative Learning whereas the students' Metacognitive skills were the dependent variable. The sample (two groups, comprising 35 students in each) for the study has been selected with the help of Convenient Sampling. One of them was the experimental whereas the other was a controlled group. The Quasi-Experimental nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group design was used for the conduction of this research. The researcher used a performance test named "Metacognitive Skills Assessment Tool" (MSAT) adapted from (Ali, Siddiqui, & Tatlah, 2020) for the data collection. The results show that the intervention has a
considerable impact on the development of university students' metacognitive abilities.
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Metacognitive Skills, Metacognition, University Students
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(1) Ashfaq Afzal
HOD, Department of Education, Pakistan Gospel Mission, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Shahid Zulfiqar Ali
PhD Scholar, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Samreen
MPhil Scholar, Department of Education, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University, Lyari, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Acquisition of Agricultural Information from the Social Media and Interpersonal Channels by Farmers
The primary goal of this research is to discover and explain how farmers in Faisalabad utilise social media and interposed channels to receive agricultural knowledge. Furthermore, the study was intended to investigate farmers' socio-demographic traits and their subsequent link with the usage of social media and interpersonal communication channels. Data for this research study were gathered from 257 farmers in the Faisalabad district. A structured questionnaire was utilised to collect data as part of the survey approach. Among the social media, Facebook is the most used media and among interpersonal channels Cosmopolite's character of famers was rated highest.
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Farmer, Interpersonal channels, Agriculture knowledge, Social media
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(1) Ahsan Salam
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Mass Communication, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Ashraf Iqbal
Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Kishwar Parveen
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Mass Communication, Govt. College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
The Prominent Leftist Leaders of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: An Appraisal
The history of leftist politics in NWFP (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) draws significantly less attention in scholarly and academic journals on national and international politics than other topics do. This was because of Pakistan's alliance with the US-led capitalist camp right after independence in 1947, which made it difficult for its leftist leaders to carry out their program. Throughout the Cold War era (1945-93) the leftist political parties in Pakistan in general and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in particular were incapable of consolidating their position in the post-colonial period and consequently remained marginalized in electoral politics. Despite severe state repression and cracks down, many of the notable leftist leaders of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa continued to carry out their work. However, the list of these leaders is very long and could not be covered by a single research paper. Therefore, this study aims at highlighting the family background, biographies, and political achievements of only selected Six leftist leaders of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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Leftist, Marxist, Nationalist, Pakhtun, Progressive, Revolutionary
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(1) Mohammad Ayaz
Lecturer/In-charge Chairman, Department of Pakistan Studies, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Shakila Naz
Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Government Girls Post Graduate College, Kohat, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Fayyaz Ali
Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies and Political Science, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, KP, Pakistan.
Narrative Building in Politics: A Critical Analysis of Imran Khan's Selected Discourse
This paper aims to shed light on narrative building in politics. It explores how Former Prime Minister, Imran Khan built his political narrative and consequently got unrivalled popularity in his country. It also investigates Imran Khan's linguistic strategies used for building his political narrative since the early days of his political party. This study is qualitative and narrative analysis has been done on the selected excerpts from the speeches by Imran Khan to understand how he built such a powerful narrative that changed the political views and perception of the masses. The study also reveals that Mr Khan has manipulated his usage of language to influence the minds of his countrymen. Hero-card and the space left by his opponents both helped him to succeed in making his incomparable place in Pakistani politics.
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Political Narrative, Narrative Building, Discourse Studies, Narrative Analysis
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(1) Fatima Arif
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Languages, The University of Chenab, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Akbar Khan
Associate Professor, Department of Languages, The University of Chenab, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Ali Haider
Principal, Jinnah College of Education, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
The Rise of Green Competitiveness: A Global Study from Scopus Database
In this study, we explore the significance of environmental factors for companies and large businesses in the rapidly growing modern world. The focus is on green competitiveness, which plays a crucial role in sustainable development. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on 30,000 scientific papers indexed in the Scopus database from 1996 to 2019. The analysis revealed that 2004 marked a turning point when research articles from around the world began highlighting the value of green competitiveness, a trend that has continued to dominate since then. Major nations like the United States, China, India, Great Britain, and Taiwan have addressed this phenomenon. The study identified clusters of scientific papers that connect green competitiveness with concepts such as green marketing, green innovation, and sustainable development. The findings suggest that implementing effective marketing strategies based on green competitiveness can contribute to building a productive and sustainable society.
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Green Competitiveness, Sustainable Society, Clusters, Scopus Database
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(1) Muhammad Aqtab Ahmad
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Ziaullah
Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Muhammad Gulraiz Tariq
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Green Energy Solutions for the Local Tourist Sector in Pakistan
The tourism industry in Pakistan has grown, leading to increased energy consumption and environmental degradation. To address this, green energy solutions are being explored. A study examined the potential, barriers, and benefits of such solutions in the local tourist sector. Survey results showed moderate concern for environmental impact, with some support for green energy. However, respondents were hesitant to pay extra for these services. Correlation analysis indicated relationships between variables, but causation requires further study. Thematic analysis revealed awareness and support for sustainable tourism, but more action is needed. The study recommends prioritizing green energy adoption by businesses and government institutions to mitigate environmental impact and maximize tourism's economic and social benefits.
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Tourism Industry, Green Energy Solutions, Environmental Degradation, Mixed-methods Approach, Barriers and Challenges, Sustainable Tourism, Economic and Social Benefits
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(1) Hafsah Batool
Lecturer / Head of International Resource Centre (DFDI), Department of Economics, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Samra Khalid
Assistant Professor of Economic, Higher Education Department.
(3) Touqeer Ahmad
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
Relationship between Corporate Governance and Financial Performance of Manufacturing Firms through Moderating Role of ISO-14001
The objective of this research is to investigate the potential moderating role of ISO14001 in the relationship between corporate governance and firm financial performance. Corporate governance is measured using four dimensions, the variable considered in this analysis encompass board size, frequency of board meetings, gender diversity within the board, and the presence of independent non-executive directors. The assessment of financial performance involves both accounting-based and market-based metrics. The results of this study are obtained from annual company reports, and the study employs purposive sampling with a sample size of 70 manufacturing firms from the PXS 100 index. The empirical findings indicate that CG has a positive significant influence on both ROA and Tobin's Q. Additionally, ISO14001 significantly moderates the relationship between CG and FP.
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Corporate Governance, Financial Performance, Environmental Management Standards, Return on Asset, Tobinââ¬â¢s Q
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(1) Nosheen Rasool
Assistant Professor/ In-charge, Department of Commerce & Finance, Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Zunaira Zulfiqar
Research Scholar, Department of Commerce & Finance, Government College University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
The Performance of Pakistani Equity Mutual Funds During Bull and Bear Market
This study examines equity mutual funds in Pakistan within bull and bear market contexts.It traces the evolution and significance of mutual funds, particularly their adoption by investors for retirement and financial goals. Despite a substantial presence of open-ended and closed-ended mutual funds, Pakistan's mutual fund industry remains comparatively small on a global scale. Equity mutual funds, focused on stocks, appeal to young investors seeking higher returns with moderate risk. These funds enable risk diversification and effective portfolio management by experienced professionals. While small investors benefit from equity funds, their performance is subject to public scrutiny due to robust regulatory oversight. This research sheds light on equity mutual funds' role in Pakistan's financial landscape, emphasizing their importance in providing accessible and diversified investment options for a range of investors.
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Pakistani Equity Mutual Funds, Bull and Bear Market, Stocks, Finance, Financial Goals
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(1) Muhammad Yousif
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Ziaullah
Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Muhammad Gulraiz Tariq
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Business Administration, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Impact of Head Teachers' Transformational Style on Students Achievements
This research was done to explore the head teachers’ transformational leadership style, to see its impact on students’ achievement. The descriptive quantitative and survey approach was applied to conduct this research. The data were attained from secondary school teachers about the transformational leadership style of their heads through a five-point questionnaire. The matriculation results of students from sampled schools were also taken to see the effect of the head's leadership style on students' achievements. The purposive sampling method was used to collect data. Eight representative schools were selected from the district Lahore cantonment area and fifteen teachers were selected from each school to collect data and analyse SPSS. The data is presented in frequency distribution tables. Descriptive and influential statistics were applied to infer from data. It revealed that school heads with transformational leadership styles and strict rules regulations clear goals and values had a high effect on students’ achievements.
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School Heads, Transformational Leadership Style, Studentsââ¬â¢ Achievement
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(1) Muhammad Iqbal
Associate Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Shamim Ullah
Assistant Professor, The Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Rizwan Ahmad
Assistant Professor, Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punajab, Pakistan.
Cultural Assimilation Leading to Third Space Identity: A Postcolonial Analysis of The Reluctant Fundamentalist
The present paper analyzes the novel ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ (2007) from the postcolonial perspective in terms of Cultural Assimilation and Third Space Identity. Postcolonial theory features cultural hybridity and conflictive and conflated identities with a specific focus on theorists like Frantz Fanon’s ‘The Wretched of the Earth’ (1961), Edward Said’s, ‘Orientalism’ (1978) and Homi K. Bhabha’s 8‘Location of Culture’(1994). In the postcolonial context, cultural assimilation refers to cultural domination where the dominant culture seeks to erase indigenous culture and identity, whereas the Third Space Identity is the in-between space where cultural identities are hybridized. In ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ Pakistani expatriate, Changes is filled to the brim with the issue of an identity crisis. After 9/11 he questions his American Dream when he experiences the prejudice of Americans against Muslims. The paper will explore the theme of identity consciousness and crisis that leads to hybridization in the selected text by applying postcolonial theory. The focus of the study will be on Cultural assimilation and Third Space identity and will examine ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’ the in pre and post-9/11 literary and socio-political milieu.
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Cultural Assimilation, Third Space Identity, Postcolonial, 9/11
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(1) Muhammad Iqbal
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of English, Northern University, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Umair Ahmed Khan
Lecturer, Department of English, College of Tourism & Hotel Management, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Shozab Ali Raza Abbasi
Lecturer, Department of English, The University of Layyah, Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan.
Developing Administration Competencies of Educational Managers in Services Teachers-Training Program QAED Punjab: A Case Study
Through in-service teachers' training program administration competencies among educational managers, increased efficacy in the study delves into the realm of educational management.The aim of this study was to deal with administration, decision-making, resource allocation, team management, and conflict resolution. This case study is a qualitative and exploratory analysis of the experiences and transformations undergone by educational managers in the QAED Teachers-Training Program approach to explore this program's effectiveness and outcomes in enhancing educational managers' administrative skills. The study's methodology involves in-depth interviews of fifteen participants with a select group of educational managers who have participated in the QAED, promotion-linked training program. Themes are extracted using thematic analysis to discern patterns in their responses. By fostering administration competencies, the QAED Teachers-Training Program can contribute to the enhancement of educational management practices in Punjab. In conclusion, this exploratory study offers valuable insights into the development of administration competencies through this program.
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Administration, Educational Managers, In-service Teacher Training, Program, (INSTTP), Promotion-linked Training Program (PLTP)
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(1) Muhammad Abbas
Ph.D. Scholar, Quaid-e-Azam Academy for Educational Development (QAED/DSD), Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Raza Ur Rehman
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Muhammad Arif
Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
The Electoral Symphony: Unveiling Sindh's Voting Voyage (An Insightful Exploration of the 2018 General Elections)
This research paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the electoral process in Sindh, shedding light on the key factors that shaped voter behaviour and influenced election outcomes. By examining the socio-political dynamics, voter demographics, campaign strategies, and the role of technology, this study offers valuable insights into the electoral symphony that unfolded during the 2018 general elections in Sindh. In the last election, PPP secured 42 seats with a vote percentage of 15.23%. The popular vote share also increased to 13.03%, although there was a slight swing of 2.29 percentage points towards a decrease. These election outcomes depict a significant shift in the political landscape of Pakistan. Imran Khan's PTI emerged as the leading party, securing the highest number of seats and a considerable popular vote share.
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Electoral Symphony, Voting Voyage, General Elections, Sindh, Pakistan
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(1) Abdul Rahim
Ph.D, Pakistan Study, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Nadeemullah
Associate Professor, Department of Social Work, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Impact of Six Sigma Practices on Teaching-Learning Effectiveness: A Case Study of the University of Okara
The study aimed to assess the impact of implementing Six Sigma practices on teaching effectiveness. This exploratory research, conducted at the University of Okara, centred on teachers from various departments. Qualitative data was gathered via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that faculty members were unintentionally addressing three phases (define, measure, and analyze) of the Six Sigma process due to a lack of awareness. Students were knowledgeable about their educational standards and rights, and their issues were addressed when communicated. However, the remaining two phases (improvement and control) of Six Sigma were neglected by university teachers, with quantity taking precedence over quality. Teachers acquainted with Six Sigma practices demonstrated greater teaching effectiveness. The study recommends raising awareness among teaching staff about Six Sigma practices and ensuring their implementation for better outcomes. Expanding the data collection scope for result triangulation is also suggested.
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Six Sigma, Education Quality, Teaching Effectiveness
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(1) Muhammad Tahir Khan Farooqi
Associate Professor, Department of Education Research and Assessment, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Naveed Khalid
Resource Person, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Aima Shafiq
PhD Scholar, Department of Education, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan.
Global Citizenship and Cosmopolitanism in Burnt Shadows and the Inheritance of Loss
The study of global ties is the focus of cosmopolitanism. Cultural, ethnic, and racial harmony are among its stated goals. This research analyses the effects of cosmopolitanism and globalization on the construction of authority and individuality in the novels The Inheritance of Loss and Burnt Shadows. Bhabha's (1994) framework was used for the analysis. The research found that cosmopolitanism is influenced by both cultural and social elements. Examining the effects of cosmopolitanism on postcolonial art is the focus of this research. Postcolonial scholars and others will be impacted by the study. It emphasizes comparative literature from around the world. This method encourages researchers to delve deeper into how postcolonial literature's global themes have influenced contemporary debates. The findings may stimulate further conversations on how to deal with issues of self and authority in a globalized society, as suggested by the paper's conclusion.
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The Inheritance of Loss, Burnt Shadows, Cosmopolitanism, Globalization, Diaspora
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(1) Rukhsar Aalam
M.Phil English Literature, Department of English Language and Literature, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Nailah Riaz
Assistant Professor, Head, Department of English Language and Literature, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.