References

• Baloch, S. M. (2018, April 11). Manzoor Pashteen: “Pashtuns are fed up with war.” dw.com. https://www.dw.com/en/pakistans- manzoor-pashteen-pashtuns-are-fed-up- with-war/a-43336984
• Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 611–639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1. 611
• Blevins, J. L., Lee, J. D., McCabe, E., & Edgerton, E. (2019). Tweeting for social justice in #Ferguson: Affective discourse in Twitter hashtags. New Media & Society, 21(7), 1636– 1653. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448198270 30
• Bogad, L. (2010). Carnivals against capital: radical clowning and the global justice movement. Social Identities, 16(4), 537– 557. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2010.4 98242
• Clark, A. M., Dantzler, P. A., & Nickels, A. E. (2018). Black Lives Matter: (Re)Framing the Next Wave of Black Liberation. In Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change (pp. 145–172). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/s0163- 786x20180000042006
• Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research : techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. In Sage eBooks (Issue 1). http://lib.tums.ac.ir/site/catalogue/61151
• De Moya, M., & Bravo, V. (2016). The role of public relations in ethnic advocacy and activism: A proposed research agenda. Public Relations Inquiry, 5(3), 233–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147x166352 25
• Dunivin, Z., Yan, H. Y., Ince, J., & Rojas, F. (2022). Black Lives Matter protests shift public discourse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(10). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117320119
• Gamson, W. A., & Goffman, E. (1975). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Contemporary Sociology, 4(6), 603. https://doi.org/10.2307/2064022
• Himelboim, I., Smith, M. A., Rainie, L., Shneiderman, B., & Espina, C. (2017). Classifying Twitter Topic-Networks Using Social Network Analysis. Social Media and Society, 3(1), 205630511769154. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051176915 45
• Jungherr, A., Schroeder, R., & Stier, S. (2019). Digital Media and the Surge of Political Outsiders: Explaining the Success of Political Challengers in the United States, Germany, and China. Social Media and Society, 5(3), 205630511987543. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051198754 39
• Kalu, M. E. (2019). Using Emphasis-Purposeful Sampling-Phenomenon of Interest–Context (EPPiC) Framework to Reflect on Two Qualitative Research Designs and Questions: A Reflective Process. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160- 3715/2019.4082
• BBC News. (2019, February 7). A protest Pakistan wants to hide from the world. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-47147409
• Kharroub, T., & Bas, O. (2016). Social media and protests: An examination of Twitter images of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1973–1992. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448155719 14
• Klandermans, B. (1984). Mobilization and Participation: Social-Psychological Expansisons of Resource Mobilization Theory. American Sociological Review, 49(5), 583. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095417
• Lim, M. (2018). Roots, Routes, and Routers: Communications and Media of Contemporary Social Movements. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 20(2), 92–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/15226379187704 19
• Liu, W., Sidhu, A. K., Beacom, A. M., & Valente, T. W. (2017). Social Network Theory. The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764. wbieme0092
• Mare, A. (2016). Baba Jukwa and the Digital Repertoires of Connective Action in a ‘Competitive Authoritarian Regime’: The Case of Zimbabwe. In Springer eBooks (pp. 45–68). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 319-40949-8_3
• Wilson, J., Zald, M. N., & McCarthy, J. J. (1989). Social Movements in an Organizational Society. Social Forces, 67(3), 799. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579545
• Mccurdy, P. P. (2012). Social Movements, Protest and Mainstream Media. Sociology Compass, 6(3), 244–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751- 9020.2011.00448.x
• Murray, S. (2020). Framing a Climate Crisis : A descriptive framing analysis of how Greta Thunberg inspired the masses to take to the streets. Uppsala University. http://uu.diva- portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3 A1386491
• Neuendorf, K. A. (2010). Content Analysis—A Methodological Primer for Gender Research. Sex Roles, 64(3–4), 276–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9893- 0
• Norris, P., Walgrave, S., & Van Aelst, P. (2003). Who Demonstrates? Disaffected Rebels, Conventional Participants, or Everyone? Comparative Politics. http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Ac robat/Who%20demonstrates%20- Norris,%20Walgrave%20and%20Aelst.pdf
• Oberschall, A. (2000). The manipulation of ethnicity: from ethnic cooperation to violence and war in Yugoslavia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(6), 982–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870075001 8388
• Rickford, R. (2015). Black Lives Matter. New Labor Forum, 25(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/10957960156201 71
• Saeed, S., & Rohde, M. (2010). Computer Enabled Social Movements? Usage of a Collaborative Web Platform within the European Social Forum. In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-211- 7_14
• Pew Research Center. (2020, August 20). ‘Black lives matter’ spiked on congressional Twitter, Facebook accounts after Floyd killing | Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short- reads/2020/07/16/posts-mentioning-black- lives-matter-spiked-on-lawmakers-social- media-accounts-after-george-floyd-killing/
• Telafaro, S. (2016). A death to justice (The shooting of Michael Brown—Summer 2014). Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2015.1 125197
• Terrell, J. (2020). Black Lives Matter Activist Rhetoric and Online Participation on Twitter. University of Arizona. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21569.38 246
• Tilly, C., & Wood, L. J. (2015). Social Movements, 1768 - 2012. Routledge.
• Killian, L. M., & Turner, R. H. (1972). Collective behavior. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2723472 M/Collective_behavior
• Van Laer, J. (2010). Activists Online and Offline: The Internet as an Information Channel for Protest Demonstrations. Mobilization, 15(3), 347–366. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.15.3.80285 85100245801
• Wang, F. (2018). Sampling plans by variables for inflated-Pareto data in the food industry. Food Control, 84, 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.0 7.023
• Williams, R. H. (2007). The Cultural Contexts of Collective Action: Constraints, Opportunities, and the Symbolic Life of Social Movements. In Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks (pp. 91–115). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999103.c h5
• Wright, S. J., Taylor, D. S., & Moghaddam, F. M. (1990). Responding to membership in a disadvantaged group: From acceptance to collective protest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 994–1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.58.6.994
• Xiong, Y., Cho, M., & Boatwright, B. (2019). Hashtag activism and message frames among social movement organizations: Semantic network analysis and thematic analysis of Twitter during the #MeToo movement. Public Relations Review, 45(1), 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.10. 014
• Yang, A., & Veil, S. R. (2015). Nationalism Versus Animal Rights: A Semantic Network Analysis of Value Advocacy in Corporate Crisis. International Journal of Business Communication, 54(4), 408–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294884155727 81