http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-I).36
10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-I).36
Published : Mar 2023
Pashtun Tahafuz Movement: An Analysis of Twitter Usage During a Protest Movement
This study aims to examine how the ethnic-based Pashtun Tahafuz Movement (PTM) uses collective action frames on Twitter to define problems, assign blame, convey a plan of action, and inspire participation. Social movement framing theory was the guiding theory of the study. The study employed quantitative content analysis. The analysis of tweets revealed that Pashtun Tahafuz Movement was clear about the issues of the Pashtun community and who was responsible for those issues. However, they have few solutions and remedies to offer that could mitigate those problems. As for motivational framing, the study found Twitter to be a campaigning and information-sharing platform for PTM’s public demonstrations. This study contributes to the social movement literature by highlighting how social media, specifically Twitter, can empower and improve the visibility of the previously excluded community disregarded by the established institutes i.e., legacy media and social institutions.
-
(1) Zeeshan Hameed
Lecturer, Department of Media and Communication Studies, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Ghulam Maaz Jan
Lecturer, Media Studies Department, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Waheed Hussain
Senior Assistant Professor, Media Studies Department, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Baloch, S. M. (2018, April 11). Manzoor Pashteen: “Pashtuns are fed up with war.†dw.com. https://www.dw.com/en/pakistans- manzoor-pashteen-pashtuns-are-fed-up- with-war/a-43336984
- Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 611–639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1. 611
- Blevins, J. L., Lee, J. D., McCabe, E., & Edgerton, E. (2019). Tweeting for social justice in #Ferguson: Affective discourse in Twitter hashtags. New Media & Society, 21(7), 1636– 1653. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448198270 30
- Bogad, L. (2010). Carnivals against capital: radical clowning and the global justice movement. Social Identities, 16(4), 537– 557. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2010.4 98242
- Clark, A. M., Dantzler, P. A., & Nickels, A. E. (2018). Black Lives Matter: (Re)Framing the Next Wave of Black Liberation. In Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change (pp. 145–172). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/s0163- 786x20180000042006
- Strauss, A. L., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research : techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. In Sage eBooks (Issue 1). http://lib.tums.ac.ir/site/catalogue/61151
- De Moya, M., & Bravo, V. (2016). The role of public relations in ethnic advocacy and activism: A proposed research agenda. Public Relations Inquiry, 5(3), 233–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147x166352 25
- Dunivin, Z., Yan, H. Y., Ince, J., & Rojas, F. (2022). Black Lives Matter protests shift public discourse. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(10). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117320119
- Gamson, W. A., & Goffman, E. (1975). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Contemporary Sociology, 4(6), 603. https://doi.org/10.2307/2064022
- Himelboim, I., Smith, M. A., Rainie, L., Shneiderman, B., & Espina, C. (2017). Classifying Twitter Topic-Networks Using Social Network Analysis. Social Media and Society, 3(1), 205630511769154. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051176915 45
- Jungherr, A., Schroeder, R., & Stier, S. (2019). Digital Media and the Surge of Political Outsiders: Explaining the Success of Political Challengers in the United States, Germany, and China. Social Media and Society, 5(3), 205630511987543. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051198754 39
- Kalu, M. E. (2019). Using Emphasis-Purposeful Sampling-Phenomenon of Interest–Context (EPPiC) Framework to Reflect on Two Qualitative Research Designs and Questions: A Reflective Process. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160- 3715/2019.4082
- BBC News. (2019, February 7). A protest Pakistan wants to hide from the world. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-47147409
- Kharroub, T., & Bas, O. (2016). Social media and protests: An examination of Twitter images of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1973–1992. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448155719 14
- Klandermans, B. (1984). Mobilization and Participation: Social-Psychological Expansisons of Resource Mobilization Theory. American Sociological Review, 49(5), 583. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095417
- Lim, M. (2018). Roots, Routes, and Routers: Communications and Media of Contemporary Social Movements. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 20(2), 92–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/15226379187704 19
- Liu, W., Sidhu, A. K., Beacom, A. M., & Valente, T. W. (2017). Social Network Theory. The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783764. wbieme0092
- Mare, A. (2016). Baba Jukwa and the Digital Repertoires of Connective Action in a ‘Competitive Authoritarian Regime’: The Case of Zimbabwe. In Springer eBooks (pp. 45–68). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 319-40949-8_3
- Wilson, J., Zald, M. N., & McCarthy, J. J. (1989). Social Movements in an Organizational Society. Social Forces, 67(3), 799. https://doi.org/10.2307/2579545
- Mccurdy, P. P. (2012). Social Movements, Protest and Mainstream Media. Sociology Compass, 6(3), 244–255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751- 9020.2011.00448.x
- Murray, S. (2020). Framing a Climate Crisis : A descriptive framing analysis of how Greta Thunberg inspired the masses to take to the streets. Uppsala University. http://uu.diva- portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3 A1386491
- Neuendorf, K. A. (2010). Content Analysis—A Methodological Primer for Gender Research. Sex Roles, 64(3–4), 276–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9893- 0
- Norris, P., Walgrave, S., & Van Aelst, P. (2003). Who Demonstrates? Disaffected Rebels, Conventional Participants, or Everyone? Comparative Politics. http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Ac robat/Who%20demonstrates%20- Norris,%20Walgrave%20and%20Aelst.pdf
- Oberschall, A. (2000). The manipulation of ethnicity: from ethnic cooperation to violence and war in Yugoslavia. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(6), 982–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870075001 8388
- Rickford, R. (2015). Black Lives Matter. New Labor Forum, 25(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/10957960156201 71
- Saeed, S., & Rohde, M. (2010). Computer Enabled Social Movements? Usage of a Collaborative Web Platform within the European Social Forum. In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-211- 7_14
- Pew Research Center. (2020, August 20). ‘Black lives matter’ spiked on congressional Twitter, Facebook accounts after Floyd killing | Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short- reads/2020/07/16/posts-mentioning-black- lives-matter-spiked-on-lawmakers-social- media-accounts-after-george-floyd-killing/
- Telafaro, S. (2016). A death to justice (The shooting of Michael Brown—Summer 2014). Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2015.1 125197
- Terrell, J. (2020). Black Lives Matter Activist Rhetoric and Online Participation on Twitter. University of Arizona. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21569.38 246
- Tilly, C., & Wood, L. J. (2015). Social Movements, 1768 - 2012. Routledge.
- Killian, L. M., & Turner, R. H. (1972). Collective behavior. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2723472 M/Collective_behavior
- Van Laer, J. (2010). Activists Online and Offline: The Internet as an Information Channel for Protest Demonstrations. Mobilization, 15(3), 347–366. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.15.3.80285 85100245801
- Wang, F. (2018). Sampling plans by variables for inflated-Pareto data in the food industry. Food Control, 84, 97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.0 7.023
- Williams, R. H. (2007). The Cultural Contexts of Collective Action: Constraints, Opportunities, and the Symbolic Life of Social Movements. In Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks (pp. 91–115). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470999103.c h5
- Wright, S. J., Taylor, D. S., & Moghaddam, F. M. (1990). Responding to membership in a disadvantaged group: From acceptance to collective protest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 994–1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022- 3514.58.6.994
- Xiong, Y., Cho, M., & Boatwright, B. (2019). Hashtag activism and message frames among social movement organizations: Semantic network analysis and thematic analysis of Twitter during the #MeToo movement. Public Relations Review, 45(1), 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.10. 014
- Yang, A., & Veil, S. R. (2015). Nationalism Versus Animal Rights: A Semantic Network Analysis of Value Advocacy in Corporate Crisis. International Journal of Business Communication, 54(4), 408–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294884155727 81
Cite this article
-
APA : Hameed, Z., Jan, G. M., & Hussain, W. (2023). Pashtun Tahafuz Movement: An Analysis of Twitter Usage During a Protest Movement. Global Social Sciences Review, VIII(I), 396-409. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-I).36
-
CHICAGO : Hameed, Zeeshan, Ghulam Maaz Jan, and Waheed Hussain. 2023. "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement: An Analysis of Twitter Usage During a Protest Movement." Global Social Sciences Review, VIII (I): 396-409 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-I).36
-
HARVARD : HAMEED, Z., JAN, G. M. & HUSSAIN, W. 2023. Pashtun Tahafuz Movement: An Analysis of Twitter Usage During a Protest Movement. Global Social Sciences Review, VIII, 396-409.
-
MHRA : Hameed, Zeeshan, Ghulam Maaz Jan, and Waheed Hussain. 2023. "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement: An Analysis of Twitter Usage During a Protest Movement." Global Social Sciences Review, VIII: 396-409
-
MLA : Hameed, Zeeshan, Ghulam Maaz Jan, and Waheed Hussain. "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement: An Analysis of Twitter Usage During a Protest Movement." Global Social Sciences Review, VIII.I (2023): 396-409 Print.
-
OXFORD : Hameed, Zeeshan, Jan, Ghulam Maaz, and Hussain, Waheed (2023), "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement: An Analysis of Twitter Usage During a Protest Movement", Global Social Sciences Review, VIII (I), 396-409
-
TURABIAN : Hameed, Zeeshan, Ghulam Maaz Jan, and Waheed Hussain. "Pashtun Tahafuz Movement: An Analysis of Twitter Usage During a Protest Movement." Global Social Sciences Review VIII, no. I (2023): 396-409. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-I).36