The aim of this research is to analyze the historical process of continuity and change that led to the socio-economic transformation associated with irrigation sector development in nineteenth-century Multan, thus supplying a missing piece in South Asian Regional economic history and it became unplanned revolution and modernization as happened with colonial Multan. The introduction of the perennial canal system and the commercialization of agricultural crops provided a real opportunity for the economic development of this region. What were the socio-cultural impacts of regional economic policies, and how it penetrates as processes of continuity and change? This research derives its frame of reference by mixing historical, qualitative and quantitative methods of research. The selected data is analyzed from a dialectical rationale approach to critical discourse. This research is based on original, unpublished official reports from British Indian Library London, Punjab Civil Secretariat Lahore.

This study compares the schema modes between the clinical and non-clinical individuals. A purposive convenient sampling technique was used for the data collection from one hundred and fifty healthy community volunteers, and sixty diagnosed psychiatric patients. The "Schema Mode Inventory (SMI)" was utilized for the mode assessment and group comparison. A series of independent sample t-test depicted that, the clinical group had a significantly higher score on ten out of twelve dysfunctional schema modes and significantly lesser score on both functional schema modes. Identically, Fisher's r-to-z transformation confirmed that the association between dysfunctional schema modes was significantly higher in clinical individuals in comparison to non-clinical individuals. Thus, the present study describes a tendency of individuals with psychiatric disorders to rely more on dysfunctional schema modes in comparison to non-clinical individuals. These findings strengthen the empirical provision of the "schema mode model" for the assessment and treatment of psychiatric disorders.

This paper establishes a theoretical lens through which funding bodies can see the effectiveness of an entrepreneurial education program, from the perspective of institutional accountability. In this regard, quality notions; exception, fitness for purpose, perfection, transformation, and value for money are put to the investigation during semi-structured interviews. The interviewed data were analyzed qualitatively by employing discourse analysis. The findings of the research suggest that the notion of quality in the entrepreneurship program is a blend of value for money and transformation.

The study investigates the moderation role of Organizational Life Cycle (OLC) stages on the relationship between leadership styles and employees' performance. The study remained restricted to four basic leadership styles, namely authoritative, democratic, transformational and transactional styles. The findings of the study are (1) OLC stages have no significant impact on the relationship between transformational style and performance employees and on the relationship between transactional style and performance of employees (2) OLC stages have a significant impact on the relationship between authoritative styles and performance employees and on the relationship between democratic leadership styles and performance of employees. Findings can be used in the hiring of new leadership by organizations and in the deciding priorities of leadership development as per the stages of OLC. It is expected that the findings of the study are generalizable due to the size of the sample and the extensiveness of the study.

This research is an investigation of the link between teachers' perception of job satisfaction and the different management styles of principals of secondary schools in Pakistan. This study has targeted the secondary school teachers of Pakistans Sindh province with a sample of 600 teachers. The statistical techniques, Pearson and Spearman revealed that job supervision, remuneration, advancement and responsibility are statistically significant with both Transactional and Transformational leadership styles. In Laissez-faire style, remuneration and advancement were not found significantly correlated. Contrary to Transactional style, in Transformational and Laisses-faire different elements showed different behavior in Pearson and Spearman correlations which are discussed and analyzed in the result section of this paper. However, the research suggests that principals' attitude and leadership style have a significant impact on the job performance of teachers as a whole and that principals and teachers need to work together to provide an atmosphere that is conducive to the education process of Pakistan.

People with some digital literacy using social media seem more inclined to transformational leadership style and simultaneously, dislike and avoid a preference for the transactional type of leaders. The reason is that TRF is based on high connectivity between leader and followers, while TRS runs on the documented rules and regulations without any continuous change so subordinates are given guidelines once and no need of constant communication. This study investigates the existence of these links among the Faculty members of universities in D.I.Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The objective is to statistically measure the nature and strength of the hypothesized links among educated citizens. The statistical results are supportive at the level of positive and negative relations; however, the readings from connections show varying statistics regarding the power of the links. The simultaneous existence of both positive and negative impacts of SM has been well established with huge statistical scores. Further, the demographic impacts have also been verified from the field study. The findings contain a package of guidelines for the concerned people to focus on their SM and TRF to get more effective results from the connections.

The main purpose of the study was to identify TL 's effect on employees' JS Crosssectional research design was selected for the study. Study participants were 177 employees from forty-one (41) private banks of district Swat. The instrument used for the study were Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MQL) Form 6 developed by (Avolio and Bass, 1990), TL scale developed by Hartog, De Hoogh, and Kalshoven (2013) and JS scale developed by Spector (1994). A convenience sampling method was applied for data collection. Results of the study revealed a significant positive association between TL 's components (IM, IC, II, IS), and JS IM and IS were the best predictors of JS.

The armed forces had a predominant role in the Turkish polity until 2002. During 1960 and 2002, the military had staged direct coups, i.e. 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997 and maintained an indirect role in internal and external politics through various institutions such as National Security Council (NSC), National Unity Command (NUC), Military courts, Military corporations (OYAK), and Military Pension Fund (MPF). However, the rise of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) has replaced the hitherto predominance of the army in Turkish polity. This research paper highlights that AKP has been successful in disengaging the military from politics with mass support, continuous successes in elections, and managing internal and external threats. Further, the manuscript explored the quest of Turkey to become a member of the European Union, great powers support to Tayyab Erdogan on ensuring human rights, and the principle of republicanism have contributed to the AKP project of civilian supremacy over the armed forces.

Leadership is the art of motivating a group of individuals to do tasks in achieving desired goals. The leader is a source of inspiration for workers. The purpose of the study was to examine the school leadership effectiveness at the secondary level in Punjab. The study was quantitative in nature and survey design was used. Three hundred principals, headmasters and headmistresses of secondary schools of districts Hafiz Abad and Sargodha were the samples of the study. For data collection, an instrument that was based on three factors i.e. anticipation, alignment and action was used. Five educational experts ensured the validity of the instrument and the Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient value was 0.86. Mean, Standard Deviation, and independent sample t-tests were applied for analysis.The findings of the study revealed that there was a significant difference between male and female heads in school leadership effectiveness. Male leaders were better in school leadership effectiveness as compared to female leaders. Training is recommended for female leaders.

This research was done to explore the head teachers’ transformational leadership style, to see its impact on students’ achievement. The descriptive quantitative and survey approach was applied to conduct this research. The data were attained from secondary school teachers about the transformational leadership style of their heads through a five-point questionnaire. The matriculation results of students from sampled schools were also taken to see the effect of the head's leadership style on students' achievements. The purposive sampling method was used to collect data. Eight representative schools were selected from the district Lahore cantonment area and fifteen teachers were selected from each school to collect data and analyse SPSS. The data is presented in frequency distribution tables. Descriptive and influential statistics were applied to infer from data. It revealed that school heads with transformational leadership styles and strict rules regulations clear goals and values had a high effect on students’ achievements.