The research paper investigates the socio-cultural constraints faced by women entrepreneurs during startup and expansion of their entrepreneurial ventures in Ahmedpur East of District Bahawalpur through documenting their lived experiences. The research is primarily a multi-sited ethnography and utilizes qualitative research methods such as in-depth semi-structured interviews and focused group discussions on collecting primary data from a selective sample of 25 entrepreneurs ascertained through sampling technique. The study highlights gender-specific socio-cultural challenges such as social perceptions and biases, work-life balance, patronage of male family members, restricted mobility owing to Purdah and low recognition and payment of women's work etc. as prime reasons that hinder not only women participation as entrepreneurs but also inhibits their engagements and choices in entrepreneurship. Socio-cultural factors not only systematically impact women's social interactions and decision-making but transform into multiple other challenges that women fight and struggle with while making their space as entrepreneurs.

Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is the basic right of every human being which directly influence health and social outcomes. Without adopting a project to its cultural settings, the project has very little or no chance for success or to be sustainable. The objective of the present study was to examine the socio-cultural barriers towards safe water, sanitation and hygiene practices in southern Punjab, Pakistan. It was a mixed method of research comprising qualitative and quantitative design. The qualitative data was collected through FGDs, and quantitative data was collected through an interview schedule. It was found that Cultural constraints like satisfaction and reliability towards traditional and myth-based norms are hampering the water, sanitation and hygiene practices. It is necessary to start comprehensive programs of WASH sector development with a special focus on social mobilization for the transformation of social norms along with resource allocation to improve WASH conditions/practices.

Development of communication skills in children with hearing impairment (HIC) is one of the major goals of rehabilitation for these children. Information about current trends and communication status of HIC is a prerequisite for communication skill-building plan development. For the exploration of the current communication status of HIC studying in public special education institutes of Punjab, a survey was conducted. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to get data from teachers working in 30 randomly selected institutes. A self-developed questionnaire (Cronbach alpha, 0.8) was mailed to get data. SPSS was used for quantitative analysis of data obtained from 107 questionnaires containing information about 886 HIC studying in the special schools. Sign language was found as a common mode of communication. Those using an oral mode of communication were at the word level. The aural approach of teaching was getting acceptance from the teachers. Provision of hearing aid and improvement in speech therapy services were recommended.

The Indian subcontinent had been ruled by the Mughal Empire for almost three hundred years. The regime was marked for its ethnic, cultural, and religious multiplicity. The Mughals utilized the narratives of belonging as a part of their state-building objectives for which diverse cultural, social, and to a great level, religious identities merged. This article concentrates on the significance of poetry in history as a social and political instrument via the selected poems of Bulleh Shah, a poet of the Punjabi language (1680-1757). It aims to exhibit the linkage between the religious, political, and cultural aspects of the Mughal Regime in the sub-continent to pinpoint a liaison between the political and social dynamics of power while establishing statehood. In this regard,the poetic heirloom of Bulleh Shah is persistent in understanding not only the cultural prominence of the Mughal Regime but also the cultural bridge between the religious and political hierarchy of the region.

Trainings are offered to all level of teachers at different phases of their careers. There are empirical foundations that these trainings have major impacts on the quality of teachers and resultantly on the quality of education. The study was conducted to investigate the quality of the induction training for elementary teachers of QAED, Punjab as perceived by the participants of the training. This study focused on teachers who received induction training in 2017. A questionnaire was developed to collect the data. Descriptive statistics were applied conclude. The newly-inducted teacher stated that the training was aligned with their professional needs. They were satisfied with the quality of physical and learning facilities, the subject matter knowledge, and the overall quality of training. They like training design, duration of training sessions, course content, finally, effective follow up of the training were the major findings if the study.

This study argues that the critical analysis of the discourse of a given time and place determines the identity, the social life as well as the social roles of people in that social order. With the help of the theorization of Fairclough and Wodak (1997), it explains how Waris Shah in his renowned discourse 'Heer' uncovers the historicity or social and cultural embedments during the 18thcentury Punjab. For Fairclough and Wodak the supremacy/ inferiority of social elements is being exercised via discourse. Waris Shah skillfully portrays in his epic poetry Heer how supremacy/ inferiority is interlocked with every incident of the individual(s) and society. His discourse exhibits that whosoever holds authority misuses it to subjugate others.

This paper determines the influence of school's physical facilities on students' achievement. The study was quantitative in nature and survey technique was used. The sample of the present study was selected by multi-stage random sampling method from Sahiwal division of Punjab, Pakistan. The researcher developed and validated a Check-List for Physical Facilities (CLPF) prior to data collection. Multiple regression analysis are run in the current research to analyze data. Measurement of the achievement of students from test scores of grade 8th conducted by Punjab Examination Commission in the year 2017 is analyzed. The study shows that ventilation, plants, play grounds, first aid medical box, LCD/LED significantly influenceed students' achievement. All the physical facilities contributed about 15.4% towards students' academic achievement.

Performance Appraisal of the team is a core element of administration to achieve the required objectives of an organization. The study was intended to measure the effectiveness of the existing performance appraisal system towards professional excellence of secondary school teachers as perceived by their principals. Two hundred secondary school principals were found available as a sample to mark the questionnaire. The researcher himself developed a questionnaire for the principals to seek their opinions on the present performance appraisal system. The data collected were analyzed with descriptive statistics. It was found that the effectiveness of the system is of moderate level in Punjab. The performance appraisal system contributed fifty-nine per cent to the professional excellence of the teachers. Some strong recommendations were also written on the basis of findings to see the performance appraisal system more effective

The province of Punjab is considered the breadbasket of Pakistan. This study is aimed to evaluate and hierarchicalize the districts of Punjab based on agricultural indicators. It follows a ranking approach that uses secondary cross-sectional data obtained from Punjab Development Statistics 2016. This study has employed Grey System Theory and used GRA. It is a seminal study that uses a unique methodology that has integrated thirteen different indicators of agricultural development in one mathematical model and assigned a distinct composite grade to every district. Findings revealed that district Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar have the highest Grey Relational Grade (GRG), hence depict the best agricultural performance in Punjab, whereas district Mianwali has the lowest GRG and accordingly least performance. This research provides insight to the policymakers, which will help them to take corrective measures and/or adjust the agricultural development policies

This study aims to estimate determinants of MM in selected districts of Punjab. Data have been extracted from 196 families from three respective districts. Education, safe water availability, sanitation, health infrastructure, immunization card, family size, residence, household income, and ANC visits are taken as independent variables. Education, family size, poor and middle-income class variables had a positive and significant effect on the MM in DG Khan. This study revealed that education, safe water, and income show positive and significant impact on MM in Chakwal district. While, sanitation variable, area of residence and health infrastructure shown negative and significant impact health. The study found that education, household income and family size had a positive and significant effect on the MM in Sialkot. While, Safe water availability, sanitation, health infrastructure and immunization card have negative and insignificant effect on female health. Government should give more strength to integrated reproductive and newborn child health (IRMNCH) program.