Khilafat Movement provided an opportunity to the Ulema of sub-continent to take part in active politics, however, Anjuman-i-Khuddam-i-Kaaba which was the first ever organized confrontation with the British raj. It eventually resulted in the formation of Jamiat Ulema-i-Hind (JUH). Although Majlis-iAhrar-i-Islam, emerged as an effective instrument of Deobandi activism yet it denounced the creation of an independent Muslim state. Majority of Ulema believed that with the demise of British regime in India, the Muslims being a strong minority, could not be impoverished, therefore, JUH worked closely with the Congress. Interestingly, the history of the Ulema has been one of their perpetual conflicts with intelligentsia and the creation of Pakistan by the moderate leadership was a great setback for the “nationalist” Ulema. However, they failed to create a political constituency and continued to tag along with the Muslim League. Yet, JUI time and again denounced socialism and advocated the Islamic system for Pakistan. After 1970 Elections, both NAP and JUI emerged as majority parties in NWFP and Baluchistan. During the study, it will be analyzed that how JUI, a conservative Islamic party could form an alliance with NAP that had won the elections on the basis of secular ideas.

This research study analyzes innovative trends in the National Curriculum of Physics at the Secondary level and compares the same curriculum with the curricula of three academically advanced countries namely Turkey, Malaysia and UK. The study aims to examine the policy objectives of the National Curriculum in Physics at the Secondary level and explores its strengths and weaknesses, ending in recommendations for the removal of these weaknesses. The study practiced mixed-methods designed. The primary data were collected through interviews held with key informants and opinionnaires fielded to subject teachers. Review of literature and reliable documents along with the curricula of three developed countries furnished Secondary data for the study. Qualitative and quantitative treatments were given for analysis of the data. The outcomes of the research study highlight that objectives of curricula in Malaysia, Turkey and UK are more comprehensive than Pakistan. These curricula contain latest and novel concepts. The present curriculum likewise needs to instill the tendency for analytical and critical examination of facts at any circumstance in students. The existing examination system is, therefore, not appropriate as it measures only the lowest domain of learning i.e. rote learning. In order to discourage rote learning, textbooks of Physics at the Secondary level need revision to promote creativity.

The paper primarily focuses on salient dynamics voiced for division of Punjab and establishment of Saraiki Province and is aiming to aware coming parliamentarians regarding the sensitive issue so that they can make themselves capable to develop skill to resolve such generic issues. The non-justifiable allocation and distribution of resources by the federal government not only created hatred between East and West Pakistan in 1971 but later on among four provinces of Pakistan as well. For the last more than seventy years, the inspirations of ethnicity and regionalism evoked by Pukhtoons, Baluchis, Muhajirs and Saraikis made the process of national integration complex and so politicized different socio-economic and issues concerning different people of different regions which sometimes led to civil war situations in Pakistan. Though state's constitution provided equal rights and opportunities to all nationalities in all spheres of life. However the feeling of provincialism or regionalism awakens in the minds when the people of a particular area are continuously neglected by the ruling class and so they are politically educated as backward and discriminated people by their local leaders. In this way, these leaders keep political hold over the specified area and its people. Regional disparities in terms of revenue and consumptions have awakened the perception of ignorance and discrimination and this is the reason that PML (N) faced severe hurdles and the repatriation of its own parliamentarians as the Saraiki community has been continuously neglected by the Punjabi dominated Political Party in the National legislature.

This study explores the shattered Pakistani nationalism in Nadeem Aslam's 'The Blind Man's Garden' (2013) in the context of the post-9/11 invading military globalism and reactionary social globalism. Focusing on Nadeem Aslam's hallmark work, 'The Blind Man's Garden' (2013), this article not only explores the current foundationless nationalism of Pakistan as the byproduct of undue chauvinism instead of being the outcome of its real ideology but also stresses the need for renewal of ideological boundaries of Pakistan in the light of current sweeping effects of thick globalism. Being a diaspora and much influenced by the secularity of the host society, Aslam seems to be desirous of featuring the nationalist inscription of home society in accordance with the global world, as is revealed from the roles played by his characters like Mikal etc. in the novel. The study motivates us to revisit the national myths with an aim to devise the marks of nationalism, provided if we are to rehabilitate our national identity.

Literary studies have historically focused on Native American literature as a reflection of the cultural and cultural history that underpins anthropological research. However, recent studies in Indigenous studies call for the themes and perspectives that see Indigenous past and present writers working on the idea of a state of dissolution that will work to regain ancestral memory and recognition with hegemonic trends of Euro Americans among other things. This paper attempts to clear the obscurity that Indians and Euro Americans are happily merged now having their hybridized identities and culture. BOYD wrote a cohesive, or national, life narrative that works on the concept of storytelling and ancestral memory that revives the historical narrative surrounding the tribal-centric mission and contributes to the re-interpretation of the monarchy and colonial practices by Euro Americans.

The study analyzes the issue of identity under postcolonialism by comparing two postcolonial novels from different countries. The data consists of selected textual passages taken from the two works to invoke comparative study. Hamid presents that America is acting like a Neo-colonial power to show its superiority, while Kincaid evinces the realistic manner that depicts the inferiority of indigenous culture, which is also the result of Neo-colonialism. Postcolonial theory is used as a research methodology. Homi K. Bhaba's concepts of identity, hybridity, mimicry and otherness provide a basic framework for the research. Fanon's concept of national identity will also provide support for the completion of this research. The research concludes that the elite and educated class should seek identity from their own culture rather than adopting the westernized mimic culture, which makes them an inferior race in order to show their own superiority.

The issues of globalization and economic and social dependency have penetrated into modern postcolonial literature, especially in the literature of expatriate Pakistani writers. Home Fire explicitly covers the issue of zero-sum competition between the immigrants and the locals. The attitude of the Americans and the Britishersin the perspective of post 9\11 era highlighted this issue. The Zero-sum competition is situational and chronic. The major factor that constitutes this competition is the national identity. There are certain discursive events in the novel that propagate the fallacy of zero-sum competition. Zero-sum situations force Is ma to adopt the Other attitude towards her brother Pervaiz and sister Aneeka because of the (BIOPTIONAL CHOICE) two options of choice and future. Eamon gains choice and, after that, realizes and refuses the future. This study shows the zero-sum events as highlighted in the work Home Fire and analyzes the situational and chronic interplay of national identity, choice, and sense of future.

Countries have liberalized their trade policies to enhance economic integration and developmental processes. In this context, this research focuses on the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) to examine impact of economy size, geographical distances, common language, cultural variations, common border, and trade agreements on the enhancement of trade, exports, and imports. This empirical study uses the gravity model to investigate the dynamics of the constructs. Panel data analysis is conducted from 1985 to 2015. Results show that the ASEAN region's economy size and distance significantly affect trade,exports, and imports. It is also concluded that ethnicity and regional trade agreements are effective in increasing total trade. In ASEAN, common border and regional trade agreements increase exports while common border, common language, ethnicity, and regional trade agreement are effective ways to promote imports. This study can be utilized for the formulation of effective policy tools to enhance intra-regional trade of ASEAN member states.

This study targets to investigate the impact of Inter-Services of Public Relations (ISPR) production, broadcasted during the war against terrorism, on Pakistani youth. It is hypothesized that ISPR productions have helped in inflating the motivation level of Pakistani youth, thus helping in promoting the nationalism and positive image of Pakistan. Furthermore, the role of ISPR productions in motivating youth to join Pakistan's Army is also explored. A cross-sectional survey research design was used. The sample of this study was comprised of youth aged between 18 to 24 years, selected through the non-probability purposive sample. The measures comprised of a self-constructed indigenous questionnaire assessing the impact of ISPR productions during a military operation in image building, promotion of nationalism and motivation to join the army. The data analyzed through SPSS Version 22.00 yielded insightful findings. The finding revealed that watching ISPR productions helped in instilling a fervent attitude of Pakistani youth towards nationalism and the Pakistani military. There had been a clearer inclination of youth to aspire for joining the military for upholding the nationalism beliefs, and this finding appears promising, keeping in mind the relative declining opinion that has been observed in youth from the past decade pertaining to nationalism and military operations.

Pakistan is a country founded on Islamic identity, and it was established to safeguard Muslims' religious, cultural, and historical identities.Individuals and families can find spiritual, social, psychological, and often material support through religion. Pakistan's interest in building a righteous,organized, systematic, peaceable, and prosperous nation has indeed been paramount since time immemorial. Pakistan, since its inception inherited ethnically, sociologically, territorially, financially, and linguistically diverse social structure and population. Religion served as the foundation for the configuration of this nation. Specific structures of societal, economic and social deprivation altered this governmental ideology. Even though the country remains dominantly Muslim, demographically, it is relatively fragmented and disintegrated. This paper investigates the components of diversification that ultimately stymied Pakistan's nation-building process and will examine the process of Islamization, particularly during the Zia era, which assisted Pakistan in establishing a unified society based on Islamic principles of progressive political equality, and economic justice.