How are the systemic constraints transformed through the transmission belt of leader's idiosyncrasies and domestic pressures in order to result in the outcome, which is the pursuance or non-pursuance of regime change policy by the United States? This study analyses the foreign policy decision making of President Bush vis-a-vis Iraq, President Obama vis-a-vis Libya, and President Trump vis-a-vis Iran. It raises the following questions: What is the US policy of regime change, and why and how has it pursued this policy? Why were the US policies different in Iraq, Libya, and Iran, and what have been the implications of these policies upon the region as a whole? While using neoclassical realism as the theoretical paradigm and using qualitative content analysis, this study hypothesizes that the interplay of systemic and domestic level variables results in the foreign policy outcomes in the form of action or inaction towards a particular issue.

This study critically questions the PLS paradigm of Islamic banks in fair distribution of profits.PLS paradigm theoretically enforces that there should not be a significant difference between the returns offered to IAH and returns offered to shareholders. Smoothing of return can have a potential problem as IAH do not have any control over managerial decisions while banks owner equity is affected through absorption through displaced commercial risk. Therefore, this study analyzes the previous literature in a critical and systematic way to ascertain if Islamic banks are distributing profits in a realistic manner or there are some anomalies in the PLS paradigm of Islamic banks. Furthermore, the literature was analyzed critically to find out the associated factors and constraints that lead Islamic banks to impairment of PLS paradigm. Through analysis of the literature, smoothing of income and PDM is discovered in the empirical studies of different researchers.Furthermore, constraints to efficiently and effectively managing the fair distribution of profits have been identified in the literature. These constraints shape several factors, which are broadly categorized as banking characteristics, macroeconomic and financial environment, geographic and population characteristics; corporate and legal environment. A diagrammatic representation of constraints framework is suggested based on available literature. Furthermore, future directions for future research are provided at the end

This study investigated the most dominant patterns of code switching in Pashto English bilingual data. The data was collected in the form of a semi-structured interview and analyzed in the light of the framework of the Matrix Language Frame model. The study found out that insertion is the dominant pattern of code switching. The Embedded Language noun was the most prevalent switched element in the morpho-syntax frame of Matrix Language. The second most embedded language insertion in the matrix language was the English nonfinite verbs in Pashto light verb construction. The Embedded language island was the third most dominant pattern. The switched elements in the bare DP and the bilingual VP are content words following the Morpheme Order and System Morpheme principles of Pashto.

his study is conducted to identify the direction of the relationship between working capital management (WCM) and firm performance of the non-financial sector of Pakistan from 2009 till 2018. This has also looked at the effect of restricted access to loan on the WCM- Profitability relationship. The findings confirmed that restricted loan accessibility impacts the WCM-Profitability relationship. The comparative analysis demonstrated that financially constrained firms are mostly non-family firms that are new, growing, smaller in size, face high risk, maintain high liquidity and tangibility ratios than non-constrained firms. Further, the working capital levels of financially constraint firms is lower because of high operating expenses and greater capital rationing. Managers and scholars may use these findings for the administration of their working capital policies in order to avoid the financial cost and create more opportunities for financial accessibility which is further beneficial for making informed investment decisions, yielding higher profits that contribute towards sustainable growth.

Financial resources and allocations play a pivotal role in improving the learning and teaching system in any country. In that context, this study aims to explore the perceptions of secondary head-teachers relating to Budgetary Allocations and Financial Constraints in the context of Effective Management. A qualitative research method was employed in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 head-teachers working in secondary schools. The result from the interview data shows that the majority of the head-teachers were not satisfied with the budgets and funds provided to the schools, and found aspects of the procedures employed to be unhelpful. There was a tendency to expect more of schools on diminishing budgets and difficulties in being able to spend allocations efficiently and effectively for the maximum benefit of learners. The keys issues are identified and some positive ways forward suggested.

In this multiple case study, the focus was on how teachers in the selected schools in Narowal cultivate values in their secondary school students. To attain a comprehensive understanding, twenty teachers were purposefully selected for interviews. Qualitative content analysis using NVivo 12 software was used to analyse the gathered data. The research found that these teachers employed diverse approaches to teaching values education. They incorporated storytelling, moral dilemmas, Islamic quotes, examples, activities, games, and projects into their practices. Furthermore, they aimed to foster a positive atmosphere in the classroom by endorsing respect, cooperation, tolerance, and empathy among students. However, the teachers felt hindered by several challenges. They highlighted time constraints due to curriculum overload, the presence of large class sizes, test-oriented educational systems, a diverse student population, and limited resources as factors impeding their effectiveness. Following these findings, it is recommended across society and administration levels that support should be provided to aid secondary school teachers in delivering effective values education.