SEARCH ARTICLE

58 Pages : 449-455

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-I).58      10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-I).58      Published : Mar 2019

Economic and Social Benefits Exploration through Tourism Industry: An e-Marketing Perspective

    The study aims to investigate the economic effects of digitalization on the success of tourism and the factors hindering the implementation of digitalization in the tourism industry. The study used the primary data gathered through interviews with the experts and the stakeholders of the tourism industry.The study is qualitative in nature and has attempted to discuss all the possible aspects related to the digitalization of tourism and the possible challenges faced by businesses while adopting digitalization in the tourism industry.The study found that there are several types of factors affecting the digitalization in the tourism industry, which include factors related to the environment, technological, economic, political and legal, cultural and social too.Then there are some specific environmental factors which include competitor identification and competitor analysis,relationship with customers and suppliers and partners and associates.Other than external factors, internal factors were also found. Some of them are convenience of use and technical availability, cooperation between firms, and firm level support to stakeholders. The study concludes that if these factors are addressed successfully, then the local economy can grow at a faster rate through tourism.

    Economic, Social, Tourism Industry, e- Marketing, Digitalization
    (1) Mudassar Mushtaq
    PhD Scholar, Business Administration, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
    (2) Babak Mehmood
    Associate Professor, Sociology, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
    (3) Muhammad Shahzad Iqbal
    Department of Management Sciences, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

02 Pages : 17-30

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(III-IV).02      10.31703/gssr.2018(III-IV).02      Published : Dec 2018

Impact of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on Human Security and the Role of Gilgit-Baltistan (GB)

    Recent history of international relations suggests that economic interdependence largely contributes to the mitigation of the major political conflicts in the world. CPEC, a flagship mega development project of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), has not only initiated massive development projects in Pakistan, which will eventually help in socio-economic development of Pakistan but it will also ensure regional integration. Development of Pakistan through CPEC is desirably focused on a people centric growth model that primarily seeks to resolve the issues of human security. This paper seeks to establish the relationship between economic interdependence and regional integration with human security. Furthermore, this study looks into the role of Gilgit-Baltistan, a geographical lynchpin region, in making CPEC a successful developmental project. Findings of the study suggest that the viability and success of this mega project is highly dependent on the inclusiveness of projects in terms of engaging all stakeholders. The fruits of this mega project are expected to be positive. This is only possible if all the different dimensions of national security, i.e. social cohesion, economic development, and political stability are ensured by the state.

    CPEC, Economic Interdependence, Regional Integration, Human Security, Gilgit-Baltistan
    (1) Saadia Beg
    PhD Scholar, Centre for International Peace and Stability, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Tasawar Baig
    Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
    (3) Asif Khan
    Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Development, Karakoram International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.

05 Pages : 68-86

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(III-IV).05      10.31703/gssr.2018(III-IV).05      Published : Dec 2018

Health, Education and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from Middle Income Countries

    Health and education are indispensable factors for economic growth. This study examines the role of health and education in economic growth for 76 middle income countries during 1991-2016, using fixed and random effect approaches. The empirical findings demonstrates that a progressive link among life expectancy and economic growth while inverse association exists between infant mortality and economic growth. The outcomes of FE and RE models stated that secondary and tertiary level education contribute to increase in economic growth. The results also shows capital's encouraging impact on growth, while the labor has negative influence to economic growth. The impact of life expectancy, infant mortality, enrollment in secondary and tertiary education on economic growth is stronger in upper middle income countries (UMIC) with comparison to lower middle income countries (LMIC). The study recommended that economies should focus on education and better health facilities towards betterment especially in lower income states.

    Economic Growth, Life Expectancy, Infant Mortality
    (1) Hafiz Muhammad Abubakar Siddique
    PhD Scholar, Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Ghulam Mohey-ud-din
    Urban Economist, The Urban Unit, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Adiqa Kiani
    Associate Professor, Federal Urdu University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

23 Pages : 356-366

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(III-IV).23      10.31703/gssr.2018(III-IV).23      Published : Dec 2018

Academic Performance of Students in Mathematics and English: A Case Study of District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    The present study investigates the major factors associated with academic performance of students in Mathematics and English. The data are collected from matric level students who have passed the 9th class examination in the area of District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan through questionnaire. The performance in these two subjects is measured through scores of students in 9th class board examination in these subjects. Significant factors in the performance in these subjects are measured through Chi-square test of association. The analysis conclude that the factors area, accommodation, daily study hour, parent’s education and parent’s concept of Mathematics and English were found to be significantly associated with the performance in these two subjects.

    Academic Performance, Chi-square, Student’s achievements, Socioeconomic status, Association
    (1) Dost Muhammad Khan
    Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan.
    (2) Amjad Ali
    Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Islamia College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
    (3) Inayat Ullah Alamgir
    Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan. Abstract

35 Pages : 595-610

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(III-III).35      10.31703/gssr.2018(III-III).35      Published : Sep 2018

Impact of Macroeconomic Variables on Stock Markets: Evidence from Frontier Markets like Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX)

    The macroeconomic version of the APT is of great significance in examining the return on assets. It analyzes the estimated security return with reference to various macroeconomic variables. Despite availability of research studies related to the developed and emerging stock markets of the world, still a research gap exists for exploring the frontier markets like equity market of Pakistan. The study examines the long and short term impact of macroeconomic variables on the KSE 100 index for the period of July 1996 - June 2015. Cointegration technique and VECM models have been applied. Among these variables, GDP, inflation, exchange rate, unemployment rate, labor force cost and stock market of US were found significant for explanation of effects on return of stock market of Pakistan. The study findings have potential implications for both policymakers and investors pertaining to macroeconomic factors and stock market volatility.

    Macroeconomic factors, Arbitrage pricing theory, Stock Returns, KSE 100 index, Exchange, ADF, Cointegration technique, Vector Error Correction Model, CPI
    (1) Muhammad Nadeem Iqbal
    PhD Scholar, Department of Leadership and Management Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan
    (2) Muhammad Zia ur Rehman
    Assistant Professor, Department of Leadership and Management Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (3) Kashif Saleem
    Assistant Professor, Qurtuba University, Department of Science and Information Technology, D. I Khan, KP, Pakistan.

08 Pages : 113-129

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(III-I).08      10.31703/gssr.2018(III-I).08      Published : Mar 2018

Shah Waliullah and his Concept of Welfare State: An Analysis

    Muslim scholars have contributed enormously to the concept of welfare State. Among them Shah Waliullah is the rising sun who was born in South Asian sub-continent in the 19th century. He was holding the firsthand knowledge of Quran and Hadiths, the first primary sources in Islam. Shah Waliullah's point of view regarding welfare state occupies central theme in his works. His basic concepts like equality, justice, anti-usury, and rights of working classes, espoused with responsible governance, are the pillars of the edifice of the Islamic polity. To purge the Muslims out of dogmas and channelize their energies in compliance of the true religion, Islam, Shah Waliullah has left deep imprints on modern mind. His solutions to the prevailing ills of the society can be found in his works and thought. This paper is aimed to present Waliullah's thought on establishing a happy society by curbing the inequality in the socio economic conditions of the Muslims. Historical descriptive approach is adhered to investigate the ills and present solution thereof.

    Welfare State, Righteous Economic System, Private Property,Productive Sources, Professional Balance
    (1) Zahir Shah
    Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,Mardan, KP, Pakistan.
    (2) Muhammad Zubair
    Associate Professor & Chairman, Department of Law, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,Mardan, KP, Pakistan.
    (3) Jan Alam
    MPhil Scholar, Department of Political Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan,KP, Pakistan.

24 Pages : 411-433

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(III-I).24      10.31703/gssr.2018(III-I).24      Published : Mar 2018

Development of Indo-Afghan Relations in Political Economic and Social Aspects Post 9/11 Scenario; Implication for Pakistan

    Indo-Afghan relations are developing with accelerated pace post 9/11. Indian increasing involvement in Afghanistan is a matter of grave concern for Pakistan. Indian investment in Afghanistan aims; to minimize Pakistan’s influence in Afghanistan, to create a soft image of India in Afghanistan and to access Central Asian Republic’s markets through Afghanistan. India is so far being successful in all of its objectives. India is investing in political, economic and social sectors in Afghanistan and successful in creating a soft image of Indians in Afghans heart. Keeping in view this scenario, study of this situation was a good case. India, Pakistan and Afghanistan all three have many observations regarding each other and none of them accept it. Due to the physical presence of United States in Afghanistan for more than a decade, peace in the area is still a dream come true. Therefore, it was an interesting study to understand the dynamics of Indo-Afghan relations and its implications for Pakistan. Neo realism theory is applied in this study.

    Afghanistan, Economic, India, Investment, Pakistan, Political, Social
    (1) Sarwat Sultana Sami
    PhD Research Scholar, IR & Politics Department, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Noor Fatima
    Acting Chairperson, IR & Politics Department, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (3) Syed Ali Shah
    Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, KP, Pakistan.

02 Pages : 24-40

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2017(II-II).02      10.31703/gssr.2017(II-II).02      Published : Dec 2017

Emerging Political Economy of CPEC Future Dynamics and Perspectives for Pakistan

    The study focuses on China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as a great regional, political and economic force, which would lead the region to a prosperous future. The route of CPEC is not only a connection between Gwader and Khunjrab but it is also "a motorway of political economy" which would become a track to development and sustainable prosperity. No doubt, the route leads to cooperation in the transition of resources and increase the bilateral trade partnership but there emerge various questions. The present study provides detailed analysis of how the route connects Asia to Europe and provides access the local markets. The study further recommends that Gwadar Port is one of the shortest ways for China rather than Strait of Malacca or any other international route. At the end, based on an in-depth critical evaluation, the study recommends the strategy of boosting its Political Economy on emergency basis.

    Political Economy, Silk Road, China Pakistan Economic Corridor, One Belt One Road.
    (1) Muhammad Zia Rehman
    Assistant Professor, Department of LMS, National Defense University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (2) Asif Khan
    Independent Research Scholar, Islamabad, Pakistan
    (3) Qaim Raza Jaffry
    Director & Instructor at National Defense University Islamabad, Pakistan

01 Pages : 1-17

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2017(II-I).01      10.31703/gssr.2017(II-I).01      Published : Jun 2017

New Great Game in Central Asia: An Analysis of China's Interests

    The importance of Central Asia for China increased with the change in international power structure, growth of its economy, rapid industrialization and increase in population. China is regarded as the second largest energy consumer in the world while Central Asia has rich energy resources and raw materials complementary for its economic growth. It is interested in the energy resources of Central Asia for the security of its energy supply and a large market for its finished goods. Prior to Central Asian energy resources, China was importing oil from the Middle East. The route of oil supply from M.E to China was passing through Malacca strait, under the control of United States, a perceived rival of China in the world politics. In case of conflict this route may be blocked by United States. This situation worried the Chinese policy makers and prepared a comprehensive policy regarding the energy resources of Central Asian region. Energy is not the only concern of China in Central Asia; it is also worried about the security of its Xinjiang, sharing border with some Central Asian Republics (CARs). About 60% of the population of Xinjiang are Uyghur Muslims. The same ethnic community also exists on the other side of the border in the Central Asian Republics. China has an apprehension that in case of instability in the region, terrorists organizations may instigate the China9apos9s Uyghur for independence. That is why, China is supporting United States in its fight against terrorism. Politically, it wants to reduce the influence of United States in the region by integration with the CARs (Central Asian Republics) through SCO particularly after US military penetration in the region in 2001. Applying a descriptive-analytical approach in the paper, the interests of China in CARs are surveyed.

    New Great Game, Central Asia, China, Power Politics, Geopolitics, Geo-economics
    (1) Manzoor Khan Afridi
    Assistant professor and Head of the Department of Politics & International, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
    (2) Musharraf Iqbal
    PhD Scholar Department of Politics & International Relations, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
    (3) Sumbul Hussan
    Junior Research Fellow at HRC, Islamabad, Pakistan

02 Pages : 18-46

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2017(II-I).02      10.31703/gssr.2017(II-I).02      Published : Jun 2017

Revisiting the Relationship between Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in Pakistan

    This study aims to examine relationship of military expenditure and economic growth in different phases of military regimes in the context of Pakistan. This study uses two-state Markov switching models with Constant Transition Probability (CTP) and Time Varying Transition Probabilities (TVTP) for the time period: 1973-2014. This investigation analyses two sorts of relations between military expenditures and economic development through fixed transition probability Markov exchanging models. To begin with, there is negative connection between GDP growth and military expenditures during a high variance state (i.e. having low economic growth). Second, there is positive relation between both variables, during low variance state (i.e. having higher economic growth) which is also supported by idea of Keynesian income multiplier. Another, empirical test of time varying transition probability model was used to capture the switch through indicator variable. Results of the study suggest that chances of switching are increased from low to high economic growth. The chances of switching increase from lower to higher economic growth period (or high variance period) if non-military expenditure increases. The study concludes that military expenditure and economic growth are state dependent. If conditions of economy are stable then increase of expenditure results in positive outcomes, otherwise, it affects negatively. Empirical findings suggest that military spending should be planned in accordance to the economic performance of the country.

    Military expenditure, Economic growth, Markov switching models,Keynesian income multiplier.
    (1) Waqar Qureshi
    PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, AWKUM, Mardan, Pakistan
    (2) Noor Pio Khan
    Pro-Vice Chancellor and Dean, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan