This study is aimed to examine the impact of US News and exchange rate exposure on emerging economies of Pakistan, China, Turkey and Iran. Daily exchange rates have been used for the period Jan 1, 2003 to Dec 31, 2018 to identify the volatility in exchange rate exposure due to news effect. US News is modeled with variance equation respectively for each country exchange rate. GARCH (1,1) by Bollerslev (1986), and EGARCH (1,1) by Nelson (1991) models have been used to estimate the volatility of exchange rate dynamics. Results indicate that impact of US News is significantly positive on the exchange rate of Pakistan and China and the results of US news impact on Turkey and Iran are insignificant. Present study is helpful for investors, financial analysts and economic decision makers for understanding the changing dynamics of exchange rate volatility.

Despite the growing concern regarding the hazardous effects of tobacco by the international community, tobacco farming still prevails worldwide. This study was planned to explore how the rural farmers perceive the significance of tobacco farming in term of its social impacts on the farming community in district Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Tobacco farming was taken as independent variables and its social impacts on the farmers were selected as the outcome variable. The social impact variable was operationalized with sub-variables as income, social status, expanding kin relationships, labor opportunity, and linkages with people of different social background. Data were collected from 144 tobacco growers through structured questionnaire and analyzed through correlation and regression models. The study concluded that tobacco farming brings about positive impacts on the social status of the farming community by increasing their income, elevates their social status, expands kin relationships, and provides labor opportunity to the farmers.

This research article primarily dealt with the impact of theory of deconstruction in various disciplines; it endeavored to study the power of pervasion of this notable literary and philosophical theory into other areas of study including the field of education, too. Theory of deconstruction as propounded by Jacques Derrida, famous French abstruse thinker and philosopher of twentieth century, emphasizes the transient nature of the meaning of a text by finding various aporias -- a logical dis-junction in a text -- and impasses lying in the text whatever. Such aporias disturb the underlying system of logic of the text under consideration leading to its own negation.Being considered as the main building block of Postmodernism --a style and concept in the arts characterized by distrust of theories and ideologies and by the drawing of attention to conventions -- this aggrandized theory has pervaded a great many fields of knowledge changing their fundamental claims altogether . In this way, this theory has gained much attention in the realm of knowledge. This article, as a matter of fact, studies this very influence of theory of deconstruction in the realm of various disciplines.

Every living thing faces a change. English, being a living language,has also gone through a course of variation since its initiation. These variations have been detected in English at every level. Most importantly,English orthography has changed a lot. The current study explores the impact of CMC on English orthography. Centered on some parameters and classification of data, this research principally investigates the Facebook status over the last three years. The study reveals that the existing English orthography is abridged and compact as compared to Standard English.Vowels underwent deletion in written script whereas pronouns are not present in many cases. Simplification in English spellings exhibits exceptional novelties i.e., numeric insertions in text, creativity in written structure,omission of letters, and phonological, phonemic and morphological changes in orthography. This research argues that there has always been a diachronic change in English spellings and CMC has accelerated it.

The use of new construction materials, active cooling and heating systems, and rising global temperatures are surprisingly harming our environment and are contributing to pollution and the depletion of the ozone layer. The study focuses on several thermal comfort strategies for residential building designs and passive design techniques used in Abbottabad, Pakistan,traditional houses. The research also offers a descriptive examination of a traditional and a modern built house, highlighting the problems caused by the absence of conventional passive design elements in the latter. The research comes to a conclusion and suggests environmental protection measures that modern homes should use in the future.

This article examines climate-smart adaptation strategies and their impact on agriculture and food security in Punjab's Chakwal District, Pakistan. The study assesses climate change effects, evaluates adaptation methods, and identifies challenges for scaling up. Results show climate change is harming agricultural production, affecting weather patterns and reducing yields. Though climate-smart strategies are implemented, their effectiveness needs improvement. Lack of farmer awareness hinders scaling up. Findings stress raising awareness, providing support, and strengthening institutions for adoption. Policymakers, NGOs, and stakeholders can benefit from the study's implications. Efforts should focus on increasing awareness, support, and institutional strengthening for effective implementation. The survey provides insights for future interventions and policies to boost climate resilience in the region.

In this article, bell books' ground-breaking black feminist approach is adopted to examine the lingering impact of slave trade of Afro-American women in contemporary America. Slavery in the past stigmatized the present lives of Afro-American women. Even though slavery was abolished, the terrible effects of the slave trade continue to demean, degrade, and caricature black women in the western world of today. hooks' radical black feminist ideas
reveal how racial discrimination and sexual orientation towards black women rob them of their social identity and place in white supremacist society. This research critiques all the forms of dehumanization black women experience in the white world starting with historical enslavement and ending in the present dehumanization. In the white media, theatre, music, literature, and other disciplines, black women are presented as sexy, bold, aggressive, hypersexual, angry, impatient, violent, macho, insensitive, incompetent, and lazy. The contemporary lives of Afro-American women are being plagued by the effects of the slave trade in the white world.

Researchers investigated how primary school teachers benefited from their training. A total of 150 public school teachers in primary schools (75 men, 75 women) participated in the study. Using the survey method, the researcher adopted a simple random sampling technique. The researche employed a self-developed questionnaire with a five-point scale to compile the results. The questionnaire consisted of six main aspects. The validity of the research instrument was ensured in light of experts' opinions and pilot testing. The reliability was also ensured properly by applying Cronbach Alpha and its value was found .83. The data collected from respondents was organized properly. The data was analyzed through inferential statistics, and an independent-sample t-test was applied. The data was tabulated, presented and interpreted in a mean score, standard deviation and in the form of t- value to see the significant difference in mean score. It was concluded that teachers' training enhanced theteachers' professional competencies and recommended that teachers' professional training may be conducted continuously.