Conservation and Stabilization of Late Kushan Copper Coins from the Islamabad Museum, Pakistan, Using Physical and Ultrasonic Methods
This study investigates the conservation and stabilization of Late Kushan copper coins using two different techniques i.e. physical and ultrasonic. The study insides on a hoard of 390 groups of copper coins from the reserve collection of the Islamabad Museum, recognized to the Late Kushan period ensuing the reign of Vasudeva I. The coins were issued under a number of rulers, reproducing the rich cultural and historical variety. The research highlights the critical importance of preserving metallic objects, mainly those compromised by corrosion and environmental contact. To certify the coins' structural reliability and significance, progressive non-destructive techniques were engaged for cleaning and stabilization. The conservation process included detailed pre-treatment analysis, stabilization protocols, and thorough documentation, all conducted within a specialized laboratory environment. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of both ultrasonic and physical methods in conserving ancient copper coins and offer valuable insights into the broader field of heritage preservation.
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(1) Attiya Malik
PhD Scholar, Department of Archeology, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Naveed Usman
Lecturer, Department of Archeology, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Gul Rahim Khan
Professor, Department of Archeology, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
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Cite this article
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APA : Malik, A., Usman, N., & Khan, G. R. (2025). Conservation and Stabilization of Late Kushan Copper Coins from the Islamabad Museum, Pakistan, Using Physical and Ultrasonic Methods. Global Social Sciences Review, X(I), 264-288. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2025(X-I).23
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CHICAGO : Malik, Attiya, Naveed Usman, and Gul Rahim Khan. 2025. "Conservation and Stabilization of Late Kushan Copper Coins from the Islamabad Museum, Pakistan, Using Physical and Ultrasonic Methods." Global Social Sciences Review, X (I): 264-288 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2025(X-I).23
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HARVARD : MALIK, A., USMAN, N. & KHAN, G. R. 2025. Conservation and Stabilization of Late Kushan Copper Coins from the Islamabad Museum, Pakistan, Using Physical and Ultrasonic Methods. Global Social Sciences Review, X, 264-288.
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MHRA : Malik, Attiya, Naveed Usman, and Gul Rahim Khan. 2025. "Conservation and Stabilization of Late Kushan Copper Coins from the Islamabad Museum, Pakistan, Using Physical and Ultrasonic Methods." Global Social Sciences Review, X: 264-288
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MLA : Malik, Attiya, Naveed Usman, and Gul Rahim Khan. "Conservation and Stabilization of Late Kushan Copper Coins from the Islamabad Museum, Pakistan, Using Physical and Ultrasonic Methods." Global Social Sciences Review, X.I (2025): 264-288 Print.
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OXFORD : Malik, Attiya, Usman, Naveed, and Khan, Gul Rahim (2025), "Conservation and Stabilization of Late Kushan Copper Coins from the Islamabad Museum, Pakistan, Using Physical and Ultrasonic Methods", Global Social Sciences Review, X (I), 264-288
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TURABIAN : Malik, Attiya, Naveed Usman, and Gul Rahim Khan. "Conservation and Stabilization of Late Kushan Copper Coins from the Islamabad Museum, Pakistan, Using Physical and Ultrasonic Methods." Global Social Sciences Review X, no. I (2025): 264-288. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2025(X-I).23