ARTICLE

EFFECTS OF MEDIA EXPOSURE ON THE POLITICAL POLARIZATION PATTERNS OF STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN

  1. HOME
  2. ARTICLE

38 Pages : 292-298

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).38      10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).38      Published : Sep 3

Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan

Abstract

    Political polarization remains central to the political behavior scholarship. In this study, political polarization patterns among the youth of Pakistan with reference to selective exposure approaches of media were examined. Survey from 420 students of Pakistan public sector universities was conducted. It was found that selective exposure to media is still strong in Pakistan, however diverse exposure is also being witnessed in Pakistan. Now the people are also diverting towards diverse exposure. Consequently, political polarization among the university students of Pakistan is still strong. Findings imply that media in Pakistan is playing an important role in strengthening the democracy in Pakistan. Furthermore, it is also concluded that media played a key role to determine voters’ choice during Elections-2013 in Pakistan.

    Selective exposure, diverse exposure, political polarization, Pakistan elections-2013

    (1) Muhammad Zahid Bilal
    Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Studies,University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (2) Arshad Ali
    Assistant Professor, Center for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
    (3) Sami Ullah
    Assistant Professor, Department of Economics,University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
Fulltext PDF

References

  • Arceneaux, K., Johnson, M., & Murphy, C. (2012). Polarized political communication, oppositional media hostility, and selective exposure. The Journal of Politics, 74(01), 174-186.
  • Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of political polarization. American sociological review, 72(5), 784- 811.
  • Bernhardt, D., Krasa, S., & Polborn, M. (2008). Political polarization and the electoral effects of media bias. Journal of Public Economics, 92(5), 1092-1104.
  • Campante, F. R., & Hojman, D. A. (2013). Media and polarization: Evidence from the introduction of broadcast TV in the United States. Journal of Public Economics, 100, 79-92.
  • Conover, M., Ratkiewicz, J., Francisco, M., Gonçalves, B., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2011). Political Polarization on Twitter. Paper presented at the ICWSM.
  • Dilliplane, S. (2014). Activation, conversion, or reinforcement? The impact of partisan news exposure on vote choice. American Journal of Political Science, 58(1), 79-94.
  • Feldman, L. (2011). Partisan differences in opinionated news perceptions: A test of the hostile media effect. Political Behavior, 33(3), 407-432.
  • Fischer, P., & Greitemeyer, T. (2010). A New Look at Selective-Exposure Effects An Integrative Model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 384-389.
  • Garrett, R. K. (2009). Politically motivated reinforcement seeking: Reframing the selective exposure debate. Journal of Communication, 59(4), 676-699.
  • Garrett, R. K., Gvirsman, S. D., Johnson, B. K., Tsfati, Y., Neo, R., & Dal, A. (2014). Implications of Pro‐and Counter attitudinal Information Exposure for Affective Polarization. Human Communication Research, 40(3), 309-332.
  • Groseclose, T., & Milyo, J. (2005). A measure of media bias. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1191-1237.
  • Gruzd, A. (2013). Examining Polarization in Political Social Media: A Case of Twitter and the 2011 Canadian Federal Election. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Annual Conference of CAIS/Actes du congrès annuel de l'ACSI.
  • Hargittai, E., Gallo, J., & Kane, M. (2008). Cross-ideological discussions among conservative and liberal bloggers. Public Choice, 134(1-2), 67-86.
  • Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 19-39.
  • Iyengar, S., Hahn, K. S., Krosnick, J. A., & Walker, J. (2008). Selective exposure to campaign communication: The role of anticipated agreement and issue public membership. The Journal of Politics, 70(01), 186-200.
  • McCarty, N., Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. (2006). Polarized America: The dance of ideology and unequal riches (Vol. 5). US: MIT Press.
  • Meffert, M. F., & Gschwend, T. (2012). When Party and Issue Preferences Clash: Selective Exposure and Attitudinal Depolarization. Paper presented at the Annual conference of the International Communication Association, Phoenix.
  • Messing, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2012). Selective exposure in the age of social media: Endorsements trump partisan source affiliation when selecting news online. Communication Research, 1(22), 1-22. doi:10.1177/0093650212466406
  • Prior, M. (2013). Media and political polarization. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 101-127.
  • Sears, D. O., & Freedman, J. L. (1967). Selective exposure to information: A critical review. Public Opinion Quarterly, 31(2), 194-213.
  • Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3), 341-366.
  • Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755-769.
  • Valentino, N. A., Banks, A. J., Hutchings, V. L., & Davis, A. K. (2009). Selective exposure in the Internet age: The interaction between anxiety and information utility. Political Psychology, 30(4), 591-613.
  • Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(3), 577.

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Bilal, M. Z., Ali, A., & Ullah, S. (2019). Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV(III), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).38

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Bilal, Muhammad Zahid, Arshad Ali, and Sami Ullah. 2019. "Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review, IV (III): 292-298 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).38

HARVARD

    HARVARD : BILAL, M. Z., ALI, A. & ULLAH, S. 2019. Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV, 292-298.

MHRA

    MHRA : Bilal, Muhammad Zahid, Arshad Ali, and Sami Ullah. 2019. "Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review, IV: 292-298

MLA

    MLA : Bilal, Muhammad Zahid, Arshad Ali, and Sami Ullah. "Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review, IV.III (2019): 292-298 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Bilal, Muhammad Zahid, Ali, Arshad, and Ullah, Sami (2019), "Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan", Global Social Sciences Review, IV (III), 292-298

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Bilal, Muhammad Zahid, Arshad Ali, and Sami Ullah. "Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review IV, no. III (2019): 292-298. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).38