EFFECTS OF MEDIA EXPOSURE ON THE POLITICAL POLARIZATION PATTERNS OF STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).38      10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).38      Published : Sep 3
Authored by : MuhammadZahidBilal , ArshadAli , SamiUllah

38 Pages : 292-298

References

  • Arceneaux, K., Johnson, M., & Murphy, C. (2012). Polarized political communication, oppositional media hostility, and selective exposure. The Journal of Politics, 74(01), 174-186.
  • Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of political polarization. American sociological review, 72(5), 784- 811.
  • Bernhardt, D., Krasa, S., & Polborn, M. (2008). Political polarization and the electoral effects of media bias. Journal of Public Economics, 92(5), 1092-1104.
  • Campante, F. R., & Hojman, D. A. (2013). Media and polarization: Evidence from the introduction of broadcast TV in the United States. Journal of Public Economics, 100, 79-92.
  • Conover, M., Ratkiewicz, J., Francisco, M., Gonçalves, B., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2011). Political Polarization on Twitter. Paper presented at the ICWSM.
  • Dilliplane, S. (2014). Activation, conversion, or reinforcement? The impact of partisan news exposure on vote choice. American Journal of Political Science, 58(1), 79-94.
  • Feldman, L. (2011). Partisan differences in opinionated news perceptions: A test of the hostile media effect. Political Behavior, 33(3), 407-432.
  • Fischer, P., & Greitemeyer, T. (2010). A New Look at Selective-Exposure Effects An Integrative Model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 384-389.
  • Garrett, R. K. (2009). Politically motivated reinforcement seeking: Reframing the selective exposure debate. Journal of Communication, 59(4), 676-699.
  • Garrett, R. K., Gvirsman, S. D., Johnson, B. K., Tsfati, Y., Neo, R., & Dal, A. (2014). Implications of Pro‐and Counter attitudinal Information Exposure for Affective Polarization. Human Communication Research, 40(3), 309-332.
  • Groseclose, T., & Milyo, J. (2005). A measure of media bias. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1191-1237.
  • Gruzd, A. (2013). Examining Polarization in Political Social Media: A Case of Twitter and the 2011 Canadian Federal Election. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Annual Conference of CAIS/Actes du congrès annuel de l'ACSI.
  • Hargittai, E., Gallo, J., & Kane, M. (2008). Cross-ideological discussions among conservative and liberal bloggers. Public Choice, 134(1-2), 67-86.
  • Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 19-39.
  • Iyengar, S., Hahn, K. S., Krosnick, J. A., & Walker, J. (2008). Selective exposure to campaign communication: The role of anticipated agreement and issue public membership. The Journal of Politics, 70(01), 186-200.
  • McCarty, N., Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. (2006). Polarized America: The dance of ideology and unequal riches (Vol. 5). US: MIT Press.
  • Meffert, M. F., & Gschwend, T. (2012). When Party and Issue Preferences Clash: Selective Exposure and Attitudinal Depolarization. Paper presented at the Annual conference of the International Communication Association, Phoenix.
  • Messing, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2012). Selective exposure in the age of social media: Endorsements trump partisan source affiliation when selecting news online. Communication Research, 1(22), 1-22. doi:10.1177/0093650212466406
  • Prior, M. (2013). Media and political polarization. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 101-127.
  • Sears, D. O., & Freedman, J. L. (1967). Selective exposure to information: A critical review. Public Opinion Quarterly, 31(2), 194-213.
  • Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3), 341-366.
  • Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755-769.
  • Valentino, N. A., Banks, A. J., Hutchings, V. L., & Davis, A. K. (2009). Selective exposure in the Internet age: The interaction between anxiety and information utility. Political Psychology, 30(4), 591-613.
  • Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(3), 577.

References

  • Arceneaux, K., Johnson, M., & Murphy, C. (2012). Polarized political communication, oppositional media hostility, and selective exposure. The Journal of Politics, 74(01), 174-186.
  • Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007). Dynamics of political polarization. American sociological review, 72(5), 784- 811.
  • Bernhardt, D., Krasa, S., & Polborn, M. (2008). Political polarization and the electoral effects of media bias. Journal of Public Economics, 92(5), 1092-1104.
  • Campante, F. R., & Hojman, D. A. (2013). Media and polarization: Evidence from the introduction of broadcast TV in the United States. Journal of Public Economics, 100, 79-92.
  • Conover, M., Ratkiewicz, J., Francisco, M., Gonçalves, B., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2011). Political Polarization on Twitter. Paper presented at the ICWSM.
  • Dilliplane, S. (2014). Activation, conversion, or reinforcement? The impact of partisan news exposure on vote choice. American Journal of Political Science, 58(1), 79-94.
  • Feldman, L. (2011). Partisan differences in opinionated news perceptions: A test of the hostile media effect. Political Behavior, 33(3), 407-432.
  • Fischer, P., & Greitemeyer, T. (2010). A New Look at Selective-Exposure Effects An Integrative Model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 384-389.
  • Garrett, R. K. (2009). Politically motivated reinforcement seeking: Reframing the selective exposure debate. Journal of Communication, 59(4), 676-699.
  • Garrett, R. K., Gvirsman, S. D., Johnson, B. K., Tsfati, Y., Neo, R., & Dal, A. (2014). Implications of Pro‐and Counter attitudinal Information Exposure for Affective Polarization. Human Communication Research, 40(3), 309-332.
  • Groseclose, T., & Milyo, J. (2005). A measure of media bias. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1191-1237.
  • Gruzd, A. (2013). Examining Polarization in Political Social Media: A Case of Twitter and the 2011 Canadian Federal Election. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Annual Conference of CAIS/Actes du congrès annuel de l'ACSI.
  • Hargittai, E., Gallo, J., & Kane, M. (2008). Cross-ideological discussions among conservative and liberal bloggers. Public Choice, 134(1-2), 67-86.
  • Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 19-39.
  • Iyengar, S., Hahn, K. S., Krosnick, J. A., & Walker, J. (2008). Selective exposure to campaign communication: The role of anticipated agreement and issue public membership. The Journal of Politics, 70(01), 186-200.
  • McCarty, N., Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. (2006). Polarized America: The dance of ideology and unequal riches (Vol. 5). US: MIT Press.
  • Meffert, M. F., & Gschwend, T. (2012). When Party and Issue Preferences Clash: Selective Exposure and Attitudinal Depolarization. Paper presented at the Annual conference of the International Communication Association, Phoenix.
  • Messing, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2012). Selective exposure in the age of social media: Endorsements trump partisan source affiliation when selecting news online. Communication Research, 1(22), 1-22. doi:10.1177/0093650212466406
  • Prior, M. (2013). Media and political polarization. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 101-127.
  • Sears, D. O., & Freedman, J. L. (1967). Selective exposure to information: A critical review. Public Opinion Quarterly, 31(2), 194-213.
  • Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3), 341-366.
  • Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755-769.
  • Valentino, N. A., Banks, A. J., Hutchings, V. L., & Davis, A. K. (2009). Selective exposure in the Internet age: The interaction between anxiety and information utility. Political Psychology, 30(4), 591-613.
  • Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(3), 577.

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Bilal, M. Z., Ali, A., & Ullah, S. (2019). Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV(III), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).38

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Bilal, Muhammad Zahid, Arshad Ali, and Sami Ullah. 2019. "Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review, IV (III): 292-298 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).38

HARVARD

    HARVARD : BILAL, M. Z., ALI, A. & ULLAH, S. 2019. Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV, 292-298.

MHRA

    MHRA : Bilal, Muhammad Zahid, Arshad Ali, and Sami Ullah. 2019. "Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review, IV: 292-298

MLA

    MLA : Bilal, Muhammad Zahid, Arshad Ali, and Sami Ullah. "Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review, IV.III (2019): 292-298 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Bilal, Muhammad Zahid, Ali, Arshad, and Ullah, Sami (2019), "Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan", Global Social Sciences Review, IV (III), 292-298

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Bilal, Muhammad Zahid, Arshad Ali, and Sami Ullah. "Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review IV, no. III (2019): 292-298. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).38