Gender Discrimination in Legal Profession in Pakistan
Data shows that there is an obvious gender imbalance in legal profession in Pakistan. The study was taken under the objective to find out the main reasons and causes of the gender imbalance in the legal profession in Pakistan. Gender discrimination is mainly considered the major factor behind gender imbalance in the legal profession in Pakistan. For the purpose of exploring the field the researcher framed the research question and collected public opinion through surveys and interviews. The opinion collection through questionnaires was taken from two cities and interview taken from government officers as well as senior lawyers.Due to limited resources, the researcher selected two district bars of Lahore and Faisalabad. The analysis made from the data collected shows that the legal profession is not gender biased. Females do not feel insecure in the legal profession and there is no harassment or eve-teasing in the workplace. The findings and conclusion shows that gender imbalance is not totally due to gender discrimination but it is one of the many factors that cause gender imbalance in the legal profession.
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gender discrimination, gender imbalance, insecure work field, eve teasing
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(1) Shazia Hassan
Lecturer (Law), The Institute of Legal Studies (TILS), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Amara Khanam
Lecturer (Law), The Institute of Legal Studies (TILS), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Tajwar Waseem Khan
Lecturer (Law), The Institute of Legal Studies (TILS), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Historico - Cultural Analysis of Gendered Power - Play in Society as Portrayed in Nadeem Aslam's Novels
This paper discusses an important aspect of human society, the gendered use of power on women and its portrayal through the literary texts of Nadeem Aslam. Literature mirrors human society through fictional characters and imaginary situations. A co-relation between gendered power, in the historical and contemporary social context and resultant discrimination through oppression and patriarchal hegemonic structures on women is therein established. Themes of female oppression and exploitation, othering and gendered discriminative power dynamics are the basis of this study. Gendered power through its trajectories is the basis of problems faced by women in androcentric societies, creating situational conflicts at the macro and micro level. The resultant feminist concerns give significance to this study as they give rise to pertinent issues, which need to be addressed in human society.
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Androcentric, Gender discrimination, Othering, oppression, Power, Trajectories.
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(1) Zakia Nasir
PhD Scholar, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Management &Technology Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
Silencing the Silence: A Study of Women at Workplace
This paper highlights the extent of women marginalization through silencing their voices at workplaces in the Pashtun society. Using the construct "muted group" theory a qualitative study of the participants with ages between 25 and 32 at Abdul Wali Khan Universy, Mardan (Pakistan) was undertaken. The analysis of response reveals that both males and females work equally, share equal work load, and can perform their duties well together. It is significant that despite the appearance of unbiased equal treatment to males and females the societal biases effect a reality that is contradictory to the facade of equality. The study established that males make use of authoritative language because of which females feel reluctant to share their thoughts openly due to the fear of being rejected at the work place. They conform to male domination and in this way appease the macho ego of males. Moreover, females are often made fun of when they talk; consequently they choose to remain silent. This marginalization explains why men think that women cannot share their thoughts clearly or cannot speak logically without realizing that there is something wrong with the way they deal with women.
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Gender Discrimination, Feminism, Muted Group Theory, Discrimination, Work Place, Pashtun.
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(1) Sayed Mahrukh
Independent Researcher, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
(2) Ayaz Ahmad
Lecturer, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
(3) Liaqat Iqbal
Assistant Professor, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan