From Elitist Authoritarianism to Bonapartist Populism: The Bhutto Factor in Pakistan
Right from its inception in 1947, Pakistan has been ruled by an elitist pattern inherited by British Colonial rule. After eleven years of authoritarian dictatorship under General Ayub Khan, the people of Pakistan launched a movement that was a class-conscious movement in its nature. The movement gave rise to Bhutto, and after the sad demise of the Eastern wing of the country, he took over the power. Though he implemented the unmatched egalitarian reforms in various sectors but espoused "Bonapartist" actions not only against his political opponents but his own party stalwarts, journalists and trade unionists, which shadowed his revolutionary reformist agenda. Such "fascist" populism paved the way for another military dictatorship which tore up the very fabric of democratic norms and civilian supremacy. The study examines the transition from elitist authoritarianism to Bonapartist populism. The regime shift was followed by the installation of various elitist groups led to the re-emergence of the same elitist authoritarian rule cultured by Gen. Ayub and his ancestors.
-
Civil-military-bureaucratic Oligarchy, Elitist Rule, Martial Law, Bonapartism, Feudalism, Populism, Authoritative Rule, Fascism, Egalitarian
-
(1) Abid Hussain Abbasi
Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies and History, National University of Modern Languages Islamabad
(2) Azhar Mahmood Abbasi
Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies and History, National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan
(3) Muhammad Anwar
Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies and History, National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan
Populism in the United States: Binary Constructions by Donald Trump in the Domestic and Foreign Policies
This study intends to explore the rise of Donald Trump to the White House. Why was Donald Trump considered a populist leader, and how did his populist rhetoric and actions impact the contours of American domestic and foreign policies? The study adopted qualitative exploratory and explanatory research techniques. Specific methods utilised to conduct the study remained political personality profiling. It finds that the populist leaders construct the binaries in the society by dividing the nation into two groups: 'us' the people, against 'them' the corrupt elite or other groups presented as a threat to the lives and livelihood of the nation. Though populism as a unique brand of politics remained active through most of the US history, yet these were only two occasions that populists were successful in winning the American presidential elections -Andrew Jackson in 1828 and Donald Trump in 2016. Structural and historical reasons became the biggest cause behind the election of Donald Trump, who successfully brought a revolution in American domestic and foreign policies. And if structural issues in the United States are not addressed, there is a clear chance that Trump - who is not withering away- will come back to contest and challenge any competitors in the 2024 presidential elections.
-
Populism, Jacksonianism, Donald Trump, American First, the US Versus them, Free Riders
-
(1) Muhammad Nadeem Mirza
Faculty Member, School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Lubna Abid Ali
Dean, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defence University Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Irfan Hasnain Qaisrani
Faculty Member, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan.
Coverage of Populism Related Content in Pakistani Media: An Analysis of the Coverage of Dawn and The News
Populists are dominating the world's political situation. The election campaign of Donald Trump in the United States, the emergence of right-wing populist parties in Eastern Europe, and the popularity of Narendra Modi of India prove that we live in a populist world. Populism has also returned to Pakistan as cricketer-turning politician Imran Khan's popularity was attributed to a massive publicity campaign. This article aims to evaluate the populist coverage of Pakistan's political parties in media. This research study aims to answer the question of which political party shares more populist views, in what form they share it, and who the targets of these populist views are. Therese archer has utilized the "Quantitative Content Analysis" as a research method to answer the outstanding research questions. The news coverage of the two leading English-language newspapers of Pakistan, namely Dawn and The News International, has been studied. A total of 278 news stories we reexamined during the month of the 2018 elections. The findings support that Pakistan Tahreek-e-Insaf was the most populist party and the Shariffamily/PMLN was the prime target of anti-elitist views shared by PTI.Findings also support that The News International gave more coverage to populist narratives than Dawn.
-
Populism, Media Politics, Political Parties, Elections
-
(1) Fazal Ullah
M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
(2) Amir Hamza Marwan
Lecturer, Department of Journalism & Mass Communication, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Mussarat Anwar
Associate Professor, College of Home Economics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
Analyzing problematic information in the political discourse in Pakistan: The case of Twitter
This study investigates the prevalence and forms of hate speech and disinformation in the posts of Pakistani populist leaders on Twitter. A total of ten populist leaders’ Twitter accounts were examined through quantitative content analysis. The variables for the hate speech and disinformation were derived from available literature. The results showed that the selected populist leaders tweets contained a sizable amount of disinformation and hate speech. This phenomenon has serious implications for democracy and social cohesion in Pakistan. We emphasize a viable legal frameworks and critical media literacy education to deal with this malaise.
-
Twitter, Hate Speech, Disinformation, Populism, Pakistan
-
(1) Muhammad Anwar Kakar
Independent Media Researcher, Pakistan.
(2) Shabir Hussain
Professor, Department of media studies, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Farraukh Shahzad
Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies ,Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan.