Development and Validation of Multiple-Choice Test of the Geometry Part of Mathematics for Secondary Class
This study overviews development and validity of a pool of multiple choice test items of geometry part of Mathematics for secondary level. A table of specifications was prepared and a pool of 48 multiple-choice type test items was developed from the test universe. The content validity and face validity of test items was determined with the help of a team of experts. Sample of the study was 488 students of class 10. After determining the validity and reliability through item analysis and quantitative and qualitative analysis of the test, it was concluded that 30 out of 48 items in the test were valid, reliable and suitable for measurement of the learning achievements in the course. Therefore, these items are useful in the boards of examinations for 9th class in Punjab (Pakistan).
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Achievement Test, Difficulty Power, Discrimination Power, Item Analysis, Reliability, Validity
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(1) Nasreen Akhter
Assistant Professor,Department of Education,The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Ahmad Akhtar Usmani
PhD Scholar, Department of Education,The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Sabiha Iqbal
Lecturer,Department of Education,The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
Employability of a Research Method and Methodology in a Socio-Legal Study
Research methods and methodology are inherent in research whether it is in the form of a research paper, a dissertation or a book. This paper enables readers to choose how to select a particular research method, methodology, and research approach or research philosophy for a respective study. For this purpose, a presumptive study or hypothesis has been chosen as an example to employ research methods and methodology. For instance, the aim of a study is to investigate the corporate governance framework of Pakistan, to develop a board effectiveness model and to explore the role of institutional investors in order to make the execution of the code of corporate governance true sense. This paper presents the epistemological grounds of this study and the rationale for a qualitative exploratory study using an interpretative and descriptive approach to the enforcement mechanisms of corporate governance, the role and effectiveness of the board of directors and the part of institutional investors in the corporate sector of Pakistan. Furthermore, it provides details of the data collection and data analysis methods used for the said study, establishes the trustworthiness of the study and justifies the ethical considerations involved in the study. This paper would be a meaningful contribution to this existing knowledge, as the reader of this paper will be able to understand how to opt for a suitable methodology for a study.
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Research Methods, Methodology, Epistemological Grounds, Data Collection, Data Analysis, Validity and Reliability, Ethical Considerations
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(1) Samza Fatima
Associate Professor of Law, Principal, University Gillani Law College, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.