The aim of writing article in hand is to critically determine whether in our legal system any attention is paid towards recovering, preserving, collecting, and covering the documentary and digital evidence and using modern techniques to analyze it sufficient to ensure its admissibility in national and international courts. This article has completed this task by conducting a purely qualitative study of case laws and critically examining 2014 international protocols documentation and investigation of sexual assault cases. The main objective of this research is four-folds. First are what standards followed internationally for this purpose. Secondly, to review case laws in which guidelines are provided for documentary physical and digital evidence? Thirdly to deeply analyze those new techniques up to what extent are followed in Pakistan. Fourthly and finally to recommend /suggest that new techniques of Forensic, namely chromatography, should broadly be used in the investigation not only in whitecollar crimes but as well as in other civil and criminal cases.

This paper discusses the role and interplay of nationalism and religion in the context of Pashtun society. Both nationalism and religion have been pivotal in shaping the international system and in guiding the mutual interactions of human beings and social groups. For the Pashtun society, both religion and nationalism simultaneously exist . Historically, the role and impact of both phenomena have been varied. However, as a result of Pakistans policy of strategic depth and the resultant Afghan Jihad in Afghanistan vis-à-vis the USSR, religious extremism and radicalization have increased specifically in the Pashtun areas of Pakistan and this rise has conversely impacted the nationalist fervor of the Pashtuns resulting in the decline of the Pashtun nationalism.

This paper focuses on the history of Islamic studies and the growth of Muslim edification scheme subsequent to the arrival of Islam in South Asia (712 A.D) and also explores the key role played by the Emperors in its establishment since 1206 A.D. Thereafter, it will highlight the efforts of Muslim rulers in introducing religious-cum-modern education system through Madrassah (religious seminaries) in Indo-Pakistan Sub-continent including the period of British-India from 1757 to 1947 A.D. which adversely affected the Muslim education system by introducing foreign educational reforms to target the curriculum of the Islamic education system. The paper will shed light on the development of Madrassahin Pakistan and the 9/11 incident that has drastically affected the image of the religious seminaries in imparting Islamic education to the people in the global community.

Nikah (nuptial) is an important part of life in Islam. It has been an integral part of every intuitional religion. According to the Hanafi School of law, Nikah is better than supererogatory (Nafli) worship. Nikah needs the presence of at least two witnesses, and the presence of husband and wife is mandatory. Dowery (Mahr) is obligatory, and the husband is responsible for providing food and necessary things for a living. Misyar Marriage (traveller's marriage) is a new term that is getting popularity in Arabic countries. In this type of Nikah, obligatory elements of Shari Nikah are considered, but husband and wife deny some rights. For example, the wife refuses to live in the husband's house. Instead, she prefers her parents' home, or she wants to continue her job. Therefore, she denies performing house duties, or the husband is unable to fulfil the expenses of the wife, so he allows her to stay at his paternal home instead of his. However, if the husband wants to copulate (J?ma'a), he can take her to wherever he wants. It has similarities to court marriage as well. Therefore, it is needed for time to prove the jurisprudential value of this Nikah. In this article, we have tried to solve this problem according to Quran, Hadith and Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqah).

This article discusses federalism and deferent theories related to it. Federalism as a theory, as a concept and as an organizational structure refers to the distribution of powers between the two levels of the government. It stands for unity, cooperation, and interdependence between the central government and the component units. Being dynamic in nature, it adopts changes according to the prevailing conditions of the country. An attempt has been made to elucidate federalism from two broad perspectives of the classical approach and Modern approach. The classical approach restricts federalism to cooperation and independence with quasi federalism, coupled with the element of encroachment from the federal government. This approach is merely based upon the doctrine of legal formalism or formalism fallacy. The modern approach focuses on two cardinal principles of cooperation and interdependence. The modern theory is a broad term and encompasses many forms of federalism within its ambit.

Every political ideology has a distinct conception of various aspects of human life such as reason, purpose of life, free-will, liberty, freedom, autonomy, democracy, sovereignty and moral rights and obligations of the citizen. But the fundamental purpose of a political ideology is to define the purpose of the state and its role in providing a political system to its citizen in which individuals can live their social and political life according to the moral values and ethical principles of that political ideology. This paper only elucidates the purpose of the state according to ancient, Liberal, Marxist and Feminist standpoints. To understand the viewpoint of each political ideology, it is necessary to understand the political thought of its founders. It is pertinent to mention that all political thinkers have one ultimate aim in describing the purpose of the state which is the "ultimate good" of the citizen though they may differ with each other. The viewpoint of one ideology about the purpose of the state may be at odds with another ideology. For example, liberals demand freedom and equality while accepting the capitalist state but Marxist reject the capitalist state in totality, however they also demand freedom and equality of man. Hence, all these political ideologies of these great political thinkers have developed into political movements and later into the formation of political parties which resulted in the modern day civic political system.

Magical realism is a genre of literature where fantasy and magic are normalized in reality, and the real world has an undercurrent of magical elements going on. The research is based on the qualitative method within the framework of the theory of Magical Realism presented by Wendy B. Faris (2004). The study at hand explores different aspects of magical realism in the selected novel by analyzing major themes according to Faris's theory of Magical Realism. The research aims to show how the typical presences of people in the novel have been super naturalized through heavenly magical realist segments. Moreover, the significance of this study lies in the fact that it explored seemingly opposite phenomena of 'magic' and 'realism' and established a connection between them. The study seeks to find how each character of the novel The Particular Sadness of Lemon Cake is enduring in their own particular manner, representing the suffering of individuals in the real world considering the situation after World Wars. This research will open the ways for future researchers to work in the direction of magical realism and enhance its scope in general.

This research paper is an attempt to understand and review the prevailing criminal investigation system and the criminal investigation procedures in the context of Pakistan.It also aims to analyze the modern techniques of criminal investigation being used around the globe and focus on remodeling the investigation system of Pakistan based on modern-day techniques and scientific instruments. The study employed qualitative methodology. Field research, surveys, different principles, approaches, and backgrounds used in the research were derived from assessments of law books, reports, newspapers, journals, and articles. A comparative analysis between one of the modern-day investigation systems, i.e., the United States, is drawn so that a better idea could be obtained of how the investigation system can remodel, based on modern trends and what loopholes need to be addressed. The findings provide insights that can be constructive for reforms and the growth of criminal investigation in Pakistan using modern and scientific techniques.