Inclusive Growth Measurement Under Different Political Regimes of Pakistan
Existing literature focuses on the determinants and ways to enhance economic growth. This, however, neglects the growth benefit to society. Distribution aspect of economic growth is ignored in the previous decades. As a result, the world cannot enjoy the benefits of economic growth. In this paper inclusive growth index (IGI) is used which is constructed by the Asian Development Bank, 2011 to investigate whether the economic growth in Pakistan creates opportunities for the entire population on an equal basis and how political regimes affect the inclusive growth. Performance of the sixteen indicators of inclusive growth index is assessed over the period of 1978-2014, under two Democratic and two dictators' regimes. The result of the study shows that inclusive growth in Pakistan is low. However, the trend of inclusive growth in Pakistan is positive. Inclusive growth can be increase by increase the pace of economic growth besides democratic culture.
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Inclusive Growth, Economic Growth, Political Economy, Political regimes, Democracy, Dictatorship.
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(1) Muhammad Masood Anwar
PhD Scholar, Kashmir Institute of Economics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
(2) Aftab Anwar
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Ghulam Yahya Khan
Assistant Professor, Kashmir Institute of Economics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
Bureaucratic Efficiency as Determinant of Trade Openness in SAARC Countries
The study explores how bureaucratic efficiency effects international trade in Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Srilanka. A composite indicator of government effectiveness is used to measure bureaucratic efficiency and model is estimated by using the SYS-GMM. It is well recognized that bureaucratic efficiency is vital to the enhancement of trade, whereas the result shows that a negative relationship exists between bureaucratic efficiency and trade openness. Similarly, encouraging link exists between government size and international trade as the government provides different services to enhance the trade at the international market.
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Bureaucratic Efficiency, Democracy, Government Size, Trade Openness
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(1) Rabia Saghir
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Business and Technology, Foundation University Rawalpindi Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Arshad Khan
Associate Professor,Department of Management Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad.
(3) Nazima Ellahi
Assistant Professor,Department of Management Science, Foundation University Rawalpindi Pakistan.
Parliament not-Parliaments: Legislature of Pakistan in the Hatching (1947-69)
The evolution of parliamentary system in an ideological state, with two major units; miles apart on the globe, having multiple social and regional identities, and claiming being a federation has been a unique experience. After getting independence from the British, Pakistan decided to opt for a parliamentary form of government. The process was based on single house i.e. legislative assembly which was entrusted with dual responsibilities of framing the constitution and making legislation to run the state system. Initially, its membership was based on indirect elections through the elected representative on provincial basis in the elections of 1946 conducted by the British government. This system of indirect elections for national legislature was kept in practice till 1970 general elections after twenty three years of independence of Pakistan. First and second decades experienced multiple changes of electoral process and that of the practices of the floor of the constituent assembly. Apparently it is claimed that there had been major changes in the parliament of Pakistan with reference to the system of elections, and membership but certain practices seem consistent till date. The present study is an effort to analyse the early phase of the parliament which provided the basis for the parliamentary system of Pakistan.
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Parliament, Legislature, Democracy, Elections, Pakistan.
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(1) Rahat Zubair Malik
Associate Editor of Pakistan Journal of History and Culture and Research Fellow at NIHCR, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Encouraging Trends in women Politics in Khyber Pukhtoonkhwah
Modern democratic age is based on the philosophy of |ONE-MAN ONEVOTE". Women constitute more than 50% of the world population. Pakistan's Constitution of 1973 has guaranteed women's political rights, equally with men. The general elections of 2002 and 2008 witnessed greater women political participations compared to the elections of 20th Century. The 9/11 incident and un-natural death of Benazir Bhutto left society plagued with extremism, fundamentalism and terrorism. In many instances, the war on terror crossed 'Durand-Line' and affected Pakistan, especially Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, where every second family faced causality. Vested interests and international media focused on the region and sketched it from darkness to table of discussion. The reports of FAFEN, IDEA, PILDAT, European Union Observation Mission and Election Commission of Pakistan also acknowledged the truth that political participation of women has accelerated in Pakistan tremendously by means of casting votes, launching elections campaigns and contesting elections on general seats.
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Democracy, Women's Political Participation, Women as Voters, Elections Campaigners, and Elections Contestants on General Seats
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(1) Saeed Ahmad
PhD Scholar, Political Science, University of Peshawar & Lecturer at HED, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Bakhtiar Khan
PhD Scholar, Political Science, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
(3) Ijaz Khalid
PhD Scholar & Demonstrator, Department of Political Science, AWKUM, Mardan, Pakistan.
01 Pages : 1-17
http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2016(I-II).01 10.31703/gssr.2016(I-II).01 Published : Dec 2016Pakistan Internal Security Dilemma: Strategic Dimension
The paper reflects on Pakistan's complex security situation and the causes of current challenges that Pakistan is facing due to vacillating foreign policies. It also reviews the role of factors that contributed towards the instability of the country. After Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Pakistan involved in a proxy war and trained Mujahideen to liberate Afghanistan. In 1980's sectarianism floored the state, and since it has rooted in Pakistani society. The country brokered several Post-Soviet peace agreements between different militaristic groups in Afghanistan but in vain. Finally, it recognized Taliban for the cause of peace (though temporary) on its Western border. After 9/11 the country had to reluctantly take a "U" turn on its Afghan policy under immense US pressure. This swing of policy opened a Pandora-box for the country i.e. terrorism, Jihadist, ethnicity, sectarianism, economic and political instability in Pakistan. In this state of affairs corruption, deteriorating law and order situation, political instability and economic fragility, variables of internal security, act as key factors in a peaceful solution of conflicts.
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Terrorism, Jihadists, Sectarianism, Ethnicity, Militancy, Political Parties, Militant Wings, Economic Instability, Taliban, Dictatorship, Civilian Rule, Democracy
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(1) Sohail Ahmed
Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities, COMSATS, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Mahwish Bakht
Research Scholar, MSIR, COMSATS, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Sumbal Hussan
Junior Research Fellow at HRC, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Nation and National Integration: Conceptual Perception
The pursuit of harmony within a state is known as national integration. National integration connects all facets of society regardless of language, racial background, religion, race, or belief. It is a process based on harmony, interdependence, and most importantly, national awareness. National integration is a sentiment that unites a nation's population. The goal of national integration is to foster awareness of, pride in, and respect for the best elements of our national culture, aspirations, traditions, and a desire to advance our nation. The current study concentrates on several methods of national integration. Additionally, using secondary data, this study endeavour also outlines the notion of nation and nation characteristics.
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National Integration, Theory of Appealing Leadership, Consociational Democracy
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(1) Shamila Tabssum
PhD Political Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Mehwish Aslam
Visiting Lecturer, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Ghulam Mustafa
Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.