Factors Affecting Duration of Unemployment among Young Graduates of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (An Approach to Duration Analysis)
The study was designed to calculate the waiting time for employment for graduates in KP with respect to their level of education and specialization in the field. Contribution of demographic, socioeconomic status, language proficiency, job preferences, job search methods and nepotisms was also measured regarding thewaiting time for employment. Responses of 791 respondents collected through multi-stage non-probability sampling were analyzed with the help of the wellknown Kaplan Meier and Cox regression models and Cox proportional hazard models. The study concluded that a graduate waited for 15 months to be employed during the period 2003-2014. Age, language proficiency, level of education, specialization, language proficiency, nepotism and socio economic factors have significant influence on waiting time for employment. The study recommends the development of integrated frame work for information about trends of unemployment, career counseling and elimination of unemployment at national level.
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Unemployment, Kaplan Meier, Cox regression
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(1) Atta ur Rahman
Associate Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Adnan Khan
Research Scholar, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Waseef Jamal
Assistant Professor, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
Causality of Higher Education and Unemployment: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Economy
Higher education and unemployment is a substantial concern for developing countries and developed countries as well. To get the empirical evidence of the Pakistan economy, the present research is being carrying on. This study applies time series data in nature covering the period from 1985 to 2018. Assessing the long run association within the policy indicators and commuting the causality of higher education and unemployment, two different econometric techniques Johansen Co-integration and Granger Causality test is arrayed whereas the annual speed of adjustment is estimated when disequilibrium enters in the system through VECM model. The Johansen Co-integration’s test reports 5 co-integrating equations and error term reveals 3 Percent for higher education in first model which postulate speed of adjustment in case of disequilibrium. Whereas second model explains 4 co-integrated and VECM reflects The results presents that any disequilibrium transpires in short term, higher education enrollment and unemployment will be converging to equilibrium in the long run at the speed of 32 and 36 percent correspondingly. The Granger causality test’s findings imply that higher education does not affect the unemployment whereas unemployment is reported to be responsive towards higher education which means unemployed labor force again enroll for higher education to absorb capacity for new professional avenues by producing innovative and constructive ideas.
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Higher Education, Unemployment, Pakistan, Economy
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(1) Malik Saqib Ali
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Sohail
Lecturer, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Zahid Mehmood Akhtar
Lecturer, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan.