Silencing the Silence: A Study of Women at Workplace
This paper highlights the extent of women marginalization through silencing their voices at workplaces in the Pashtun society. Using the construct "muted group" theory a qualitative study of the participants with ages between 25 and 32 at Abdul Wali Khan Universy, Mardan (Pakistan) was undertaken. The analysis of response reveals that both males and females work equally, share equal work load, and can perform their duties well together. It is significant that despite the appearance of unbiased equal treatment to males and females the societal biases effect a reality that is contradictory to the facade of equality. The study established that males make use of authoritative language because of which females feel reluctant to share their thoughts openly due to the fear of being rejected at the work place. They conform to male domination and in this way appease the macho ego of males. Moreover, females are often made fun of when they talk; consequently they choose to remain silent. This marginalization explains why men think that women cannot share their thoughts clearly or cannot speak logically without realizing that there is something wrong with the way they deal with women.
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Gender Discrimination, Feminism, Muted Group Theory, Discrimination, Work Place, Pashtun.
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(1) Sayed Mahrukh
Independent Researcher, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
(2) Ayaz Ahmad
Lecturer, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
(3) Liaqat Iqbal
Assistant Professor, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
Environmental Performativity in Native American and Afro-American Womens Fiction: An Ecofeminist Critique of Erdrichs Tracks and Morrisons Beloved
This article, evaluating the usefulness and applicability of the ecofeminist tenets upon the environmental fiction of Erdrich and Morrison, creates a new understanding of the preservation of the environment for engendering a more egalitarian relationship between humanity and nature. It presents the critique of the ways Toni Morrison and Louise Erdrich engage with the environmental themes and motifs using the historical connections of their communities with nature as a reference point via eco-performative texts. The overall scheme of the article, therefore, denies the anthropocentric approach upheld by the Euro-American world towards the environment and glorifies the biocentric approach revered and celebrated by the Native American and AfroAmerican lifestyle, emphasizing that in the cosmic scheme of nature, not just humans but non-humans, nature and environment are equal partners. The study concludes that Morrison and Erdrich have stressed in their fiction the ecocritical recognition of the inevitable interdependence of man and nature. Their fiction asserts that considering environmental issues to be human issues can positively affect the human attitude towards nature/environment.
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Afro-American, Ecofeminism, Eco-Performative Texts, Environment, Native American
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(1) Mumtaz Ahmad
PhD Scholar, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Nighat Ahmad
Assistant Professor, Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Amara Javed
Assistant Professor, Department of English, Government College Woman University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Socio-Cultural Trauma and Gender Objectification in Haider's How It Happened: A Cultural Feminist Study
The research aims to pinpoint the socio-cultural suppressive crisis faced by the Pakistani women and tends to evaluate the standards through which Pakistani women are (mis)recognized through Shazaf Fatima Haider's How It Happened (2012). It focuses upon the internalized social norms regarding women's conduct to achieve perfection and a state of acceptability which have terrifyingly placed a question mark upon women's existence. Zeba, being the protagonist of How It Happened, undergoes anunnerving situation, being continuously displayed as an object for her marriage. Simone de Beauvoir's cultural feminist ideologies in her work, The Second Sex(1997), tend to deconstruct falsely existing cultural archetypes. She illustrates in her work the transformative stages of women's life beginning from the oppressive state towards the protesting state. Consequently, celebrating women's strength by acknowledging biological differences. Through the methodological application of a Textual analytical apparatus, this research tends to reverse the suppressive patriarchal patterns, bringing women from the periphery to the center, also providing a voice to silenced women entangled in the fabricated culture.
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Gender, Feminism, Pakistani Literature in English, Fiction
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(1) Nida Tabassum
Visiting Lecturer, Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Faisalabad Campus, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Owais Ifzal
Lecturer, Department of English, Government College University Faisalabad, Hafizabad Campus, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Ghulam Murtaza
Associate Professor, Department of English, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
Lack of Justice in Contemporary Society as Depicted in Ghani Khan's Poem Badshahi
This study is conducted to discover elements of injustice in contemporary society through the poetry of the Pashtun incredible and legendary poet Ghani Khan. The poetry of Ghani Khan depicts the elements of revolt, injustices, cruelty, and exploitation in his contemporary society. The social injustices, the enslavement of poor and deprived ones have been pointed out in his poetry. This research work is all about social injustice in contemporary society and the violation of human rights. Ghani Khan pass on a solid message in his poem ‘Badshahi’ that Allah is seeing all the creatures that how they are carrying out their obligations. The study prescribed a broader vision of modern society that running after this world is just like chasing after a shadow, you may get nothing. Individuals these days are running after luxuries and worldly wishes. But at the conclusion of the day this control, cash, and extravagances will get to be a revile for them.
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Injustice, Society, Poems, Rights, Feminism, Discrimination
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(1) Nazish
Lecturer, Department of English, Women University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Sadaf Riaz
Graduate Scholar, Department of English, Women University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Haseena Safdar
Graduate Scholar, Department of English, Women University, Mardan, KP, Pakistan.