This study seeks to examine the characters, difficulties, and challenges encountered by professional students in writing academic essays by exploring the strategies employed by undergraduates in writing academic essays. The sample comprised twenty students selected from four professional colleges located in Abbottabad. The research instruments utilized in this study consisted of a questionnaire about critical thinking strategies and English essay prompts written by the same students. A descriptive survey design was utilized for data collection. The statistical analysis was followed by qualitative analysis under the framework of Toulmin's Model of Argumentation. The analysis revealed that students encountered numerous difficulties when attempting to compose an academic essay despite possessing a rudimentary understanding. The findings of the study highlighted the impact of language and writing proficiency challenges on cohesion in academic essays. The findings suggested that students often find it challenging to incorporate higher-order thinking skills into their writing.

This research study explores the relationship between green marketing strategies and Pakistani consumers' green buying intentions (GBI), with a focus on the moderating effect of greenwashing. Data was collected quantitatively from 60 participants, covering a variety of different attributes such as age, income level, occupation, and education. The results showed that green pricing strategies have less effect on GBI than green product, place, and promotional initiatives. Altogether the paper highlights that greenwashing has a negative moderating effect on the association between green marketing strategies and GBI, demonstrating that consumers' perception of false environmental promises may hinder marketing endeavors.