POLITICAL COMMUNICATION WITH SOCIAL MEDIA IN PAKISTAN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL EFFICACY

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-II).14      10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-II).14      Published : Jun 2
Authored by : Hannan Khan Tareen , Malik Adnan

14 Pages : 130-138

References

  • Ahmad, T., Alvi, A., & Ittefaq, M. (2019). The use of social media on political participation among university students: An analysis of survey results from rural Pakistan. Sage Open, 9(3), 2158244019864484.
  • Ali, R., & Katz, I. R. (2010). Information and Communication Technology Literacy: What do businesses expect and what do business schools teach? ETS Research Report Series, 2010(2), i-20.
  • Bakker, T. P., & De Vreese, C. H. (2011). Good news for the future? Young people, Internet use, and political participation. Communication research, 38(4), 451-470.
  • Bargh, J. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In: Wyer Jr, R., Srul, T. (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc: pp. 1-40
  • Bargh, J. (1997). The automaticity of everyday life. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), The automaticity of everyday life: Advances in social cognition (pp. 1- 61). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Baumgartner, J., & Morris, J. (2014). Stoned Slackers or Super Citizens?
  • Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political communication, 26(2), 193-211
  • Campbell, A. L., Wong, C., & Citrin, J. (2006).
  • Campbell, A., Gurin, G., & Miller, W. (1954). The voter decides. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
  • Caprara, G.V., Vecchione, M., Capanna, C., & Mebane, M. (2009): Perceived political self- efficacy: Theory, assessment, and applications. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 1002-1020.
  • Centola, D. (2010). The spread of behavior in an online social network experiment. Science, 329, 1194-1197.
  • Condonm, M., & Holleque, M. (2013). Entering politics: General self effication and voting behaviour among young people. Political Psychology, 112-125
  • Conroy, D. G., Corlett, B., Lindahl, A., Schell, S., & Warren, N. D. (2011). U.S. Patent No. 8,041,848. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Dickey, I. J., & Lewis, W. F. (2010). Social media perceptions and usage by Generation Y and relevant marketing implications. Advances in Marketing: Going Green-Best Marketing Practices for a Global World.
  • Dimitrova, D. V., & Bystrom, D. (2013). The effects of social media on political participation and candidate image evaluations in the 2012 Iowa caucuses. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(11), 1568-1583.
  • Eijaz, A. (2013). Impact of New Media on Dynamics of Pakistan Politics. Journal of Political Studies, 20(1).
  • Enikolopov, R., Petrova, M., & Sonin, K. (2018). Social media and corruption. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 10(1), 150-74.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1981). Attitudes and voting behaviour: An application of the Theory of Reasoned Action. In G. M. Stephenson & J. H. Davis (Eds.), Progress in applied social psychology 1, pp. 253-313). Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons
  • Flew, T. (2002). Educational media in transition: Broadcasting, digital media and lifelong learning in the knowledge economy. International Journal of Instructional Media, 29(1), 47.
  • Gil De Zúñiga, H., Diehl, T., & Ardévol-Abreu, A. (2017). Internal, External, and Government Political Efficacy: Effects on News Use, Discussion, and Political Participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(3), 574-596. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2017. 1344672
  • Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals' social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of computer- mediated communication, 17(3), 319- 336.
  • Hodge, A., & Rosenblatt, M. (2010). U.S. Patent Application No. 12/242,251.
  • Hodge, N. (2010). Inside Moldova's Twitter Revolution', Wired, 8 April.
  • Ikeda, K. I., & Richey, S. E. (2005). Japanese network capital: The impact of social networks on Japanese political participation. Political behavior, 27(3), 239-260.
  • Ittefaq, M., & Iqbal, A. (2018). Digitization of the health sector in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities to online health communication: A case study of MARHAM social and mobile media. Digital health, 4, 2055207618789281.
  • Khan, M. A., & Shahbaz, M. Y. (2015). Role of social networking media in political socialization of youth of Multan. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 35(1), 437-449
  • Kim, S. H. (2008). Testing the knowledge gap hypothesis in South Korea: Traditional news media, the internet, and political learning. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(2), 193- 210.
  • Kugelman, M. (2012). Social media in Pakistan: Catalyst for communication not change. NOREF Report. http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezfl ow_site/storage/original/applicatio n/70df3ab24b007358a91879dfd3354e9 6.pdf
  • Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students' use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election. Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), 608-630
  • Kwon, S. J., Park, E., & Kim, K. J. (2014). What drives successful social networking services? A comparative analysis of user acceptance of Facebook and Twitter. The Social Science Journal, 51, 534-544.
  • Lee, K. M. (2006). Effects of Internet use on college students' political efficacy. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9(4), 415-422.
  • Liu, B. (2017). Social media use and political participation in China: The mediating role of political efficacy. University of South Florida.
  • McLeod, J. M., Guo, Z., Daily, K., Steele, C. A., Huang, H., Horowitz, E., et al. (1996). The impact of traditional and nontraditional media forms in the 1992 presidential election. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73, 401-416.
  • Michaelsen, M. (2011). New media vs. old politics. The Internet, social media, and Democratisation in Pakistan. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
  • Montero, J. R., et.al. (2007).
  • Morrell, M. E. (2003). Survey and experimental evidence for a reliable and valid measure of internal political efficacy. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(4), 589-602.
  • Mutz, D. C. (2006). Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Newhagen, J. E. (1994). Self-efficacy and call-in political television show use. Communication Research, 21(3), 366- 379.
  • Niemi, R. G., Craig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study. The American Political Science Review, 1407-1413.
  • Nový, M., & Katrňák, T. (2015). Democratic maturity, external efficacy, and participation in elections: towards macro-micro interaction. Home, 44(3), 1-20.
  • O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804.
  • Reichert, F. (2016). How internal political efficacy translates political knowledge into political participation: Evidence from Germany. Europe's journal of psychology, 12(2), 221.
  • Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012). Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 353-387.
  • Rosenthal, S., Feiring, C., & Lewis, M. (1998). Political volunteering from late adolescence to young adulthood: Patterns and predictors. Journal of Social Issues, 54(3), 477-493.
  • Schulz, W. (2005). Political Efficacy and Expected Political Participation among Lower and Upper Secondary Students. A Comparative Analysis with Data from the IEA Civic Education Study. Online Submission.
  • Sheerin, C. A. (2007). Political efficacy and youth non-voting: A qualitative investigation into the attitudes and experiences of young voters and non- voters in New Zealand.
  • Shirky, C. (2011). The political power of social media: Technology, the public sphere, and political change. Foreign affairs, 28-41.
  • Sullivan, J. L., & Riedel, E. (2001). Efficacy: Political.
  • Tareen, H. K., Nazmine, & Tareen, M. K. (2020). Investigating the Priorities of Youth for the Selection of Media for News Consumption. Global Mass Communication Studies Review, VI(I), 161-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021( VI-I).13
  • Teixeira, R. A. (1992). The disappearing American voter. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
  • Teresi, H., & Michelson, M. R. (2015). Wired to mobilize: The effect of social networking messages on voter turnout. The Social Science Journal, 52(2), 195-204.
  • Tufail, S., Baneen, U., Akram, B., & Sajid, R. (2015). Impact of Social Media on Political Efficacy and Vote Intention: A Case of Educated Youth. Journal of Independent Studies & Research: Management & Social Sciences & Economics, 13(1).
  • Vecchione, M., & Caprara, G.V. (2009). Personality determinants of political participation: The contribution of traits and self-efficacy beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 487- 492.
  • Wattenberg, M. (2002). Where have all the voters gone?. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Xie, G., & Xu, Y. (2011). The history, current state, and future trend of Weibo. Modern Communication (China), 4, 75-80.
  • Zhang, W., Johnson, T. J., Seltzer, T., & Bichard, S. L. (2010). The revolution will be networked: The influence of social networking sites on political attitudes and behavior. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 75-92.
  • Zhang, X., & Lin, W. Y. (2014). Political participation in an unlikely place: How individuals engage in politics through social networking sites in China. International Journal of Communication, 8, 22.
  • Zhuravskaya, E., Petrova, M., & Enikolopov, R. (2019). Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media. SSRN Electronic Journal. Published. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3439957

References

  • Ahmad, T., Alvi, A., & Ittefaq, M. (2019). The use of social media on political participation among university students: An analysis of survey results from rural Pakistan. Sage Open, 9(3), 2158244019864484.
  • Ali, R., & Katz, I. R. (2010). Information and Communication Technology Literacy: What do businesses expect and what do business schools teach? ETS Research Report Series, 2010(2), i-20.
  • Bakker, T. P., & De Vreese, C. H. (2011). Good news for the future? Young people, Internet use, and political participation. Communication research, 38(4), 451-470.
  • Bargh, J. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In: Wyer Jr, R., Srul, T. (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc: pp. 1-40
  • Bargh, J. (1997). The automaticity of everyday life. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), The automaticity of everyday life: Advances in social cognition (pp. 1- 61). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Baumgartner, J., & Morris, J. (2014). Stoned Slackers or Super Citizens?
  • Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political communication, 26(2), 193-211
  • Campbell, A. L., Wong, C., & Citrin, J. (2006).
  • Campbell, A., Gurin, G., & Miller, W. (1954). The voter decides. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
  • Caprara, G.V., Vecchione, M., Capanna, C., & Mebane, M. (2009): Perceived political self- efficacy: Theory, assessment, and applications. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 1002-1020.
  • Centola, D. (2010). The spread of behavior in an online social network experiment. Science, 329, 1194-1197.
  • Condonm, M., & Holleque, M. (2013). Entering politics: General self effication and voting behaviour among young people. Political Psychology, 112-125
  • Conroy, D. G., Corlett, B., Lindahl, A., Schell, S., & Warren, N. D. (2011). U.S. Patent No. 8,041,848. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
  • Dickey, I. J., & Lewis, W. F. (2010). Social media perceptions and usage by Generation Y and relevant marketing implications. Advances in Marketing: Going Green-Best Marketing Practices for a Global World.
  • Dimitrova, D. V., & Bystrom, D. (2013). The effects of social media on political participation and candidate image evaluations in the 2012 Iowa caucuses. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(11), 1568-1583.
  • Eijaz, A. (2013). Impact of New Media on Dynamics of Pakistan Politics. Journal of Political Studies, 20(1).
  • Enikolopov, R., Petrova, M., & Sonin, K. (2018). Social media and corruption. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 10(1), 150-74.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1981). Attitudes and voting behaviour: An application of the Theory of Reasoned Action. In G. M. Stephenson & J. H. Davis (Eds.), Progress in applied social psychology 1, pp. 253-313). Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons
  • Flew, T. (2002). Educational media in transition: Broadcasting, digital media and lifelong learning in the knowledge economy. International Journal of Instructional Media, 29(1), 47.
  • Gil De Zúñiga, H., Diehl, T., & Ardévol-Abreu, A. (2017). Internal, External, and Government Political Efficacy: Effects on News Use, Discussion, and Political Participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(3), 574-596. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2017. 1344672
  • Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals' social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of computer- mediated communication, 17(3), 319- 336.
  • Hodge, A., & Rosenblatt, M. (2010). U.S. Patent Application No. 12/242,251.
  • Hodge, N. (2010). Inside Moldova's Twitter Revolution', Wired, 8 April.
  • Ikeda, K. I., & Richey, S. E. (2005). Japanese network capital: The impact of social networks on Japanese political participation. Political behavior, 27(3), 239-260.
  • Ittefaq, M., & Iqbal, A. (2018). Digitization of the health sector in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities to online health communication: A case study of MARHAM social and mobile media. Digital health, 4, 2055207618789281.
  • Khan, M. A., & Shahbaz, M. Y. (2015). Role of social networking media in political socialization of youth of Multan. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 35(1), 437-449
  • Kim, S. H. (2008). Testing the knowledge gap hypothesis in South Korea: Traditional news media, the internet, and political learning. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(2), 193- 210.
  • Kugelman, M. (2012). Social media in Pakistan: Catalyst for communication not change. NOREF Report. http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezfl ow_site/storage/original/applicatio n/70df3ab24b007358a91879dfd3354e9 6.pdf
  • Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students' use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election. Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), 608-630
  • Kwon, S. J., Park, E., & Kim, K. J. (2014). What drives successful social networking services? A comparative analysis of user acceptance of Facebook and Twitter. The Social Science Journal, 51, 534-544.
  • Lee, K. M. (2006). Effects of Internet use on college students' political efficacy. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9(4), 415-422.
  • Liu, B. (2017). Social media use and political participation in China: The mediating role of political efficacy. University of South Florida.
  • McLeod, J. M., Guo, Z., Daily, K., Steele, C. A., Huang, H., Horowitz, E., et al. (1996). The impact of traditional and nontraditional media forms in the 1992 presidential election. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73, 401-416.
  • Michaelsen, M. (2011). New media vs. old politics. The Internet, social media, and Democratisation in Pakistan. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
  • Montero, J. R., et.al. (2007).
  • Morrell, M. E. (2003). Survey and experimental evidence for a reliable and valid measure of internal political efficacy. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(4), 589-602.
  • Mutz, D. C. (2006). Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Newhagen, J. E. (1994). Self-efficacy and call-in political television show use. Communication Research, 21(3), 366- 379.
  • Niemi, R. G., Craig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study. The American Political Science Review, 1407-1413.
  • Nový, M., & Katrňák, T. (2015). Democratic maturity, external efficacy, and participation in elections: towards macro-micro interaction. Home, 44(3), 1-20.
  • O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804.
  • Reichert, F. (2016). How internal political efficacy translates political knowledge into political participation: Evidence from Germany. Europe's journal of psychology, 12(2), 221.
  • Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012). Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 353-387.
  • Rosenthal, S., Feiring, C., & Lewis, M. (1998). Political volunteering from late adolescence to young adulthood: Patterns and predictors. Journal of Social Issues, 54(3), 477-493.
  • Schulz, W. (2005). Political Efficacy and Expected Political Participation among Lower and Upper Secondary Students. A Comparative Analysis with Data from the IEA Civic Education Study. Online Submission.
  • Sheerin, C. A. (2007). Political efficacy and youth non-voting: A qualitative investigation into the attitudes and experiences of young voters and non- voters in New Zealand.
  • Shirky, C. (2011). The political power of social media: Technology, the public sphere, and political change. Foreign affairs, 28-41.
  • Sullivan, J. L., & Riedel, E. (2001). Efficacy: Political.
  • Tareen, H. K., Nazmine, & Tareen, M. K. (2020). Investigating the Priorities of Youth for the Selection of Media for News Consumption. Global Mass Communication Studies Review, VI(I), 161-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021( VI-I).13
  • Teixeira, R. A. (1992). The disappearing American voter. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
  • Teresi, H., & Michelson, M. R. (2015). Wired to mobilize: The effect of social networking messages on voter turnout. The Social Science Journal, 52(2), 195-204.
  • Tufail, S., Baneen, U., Akram, B., & Sajid, R. (2015). Impact of Social Media on Political Efficacy and Vote Intention: A Case of Educated Youth. Journal of Independent Studies & Research: Management & Social Sciences & Economics, 13(1).
  • Vecchione, M., & Caprara, G.V. (2009). Personality determinants of political participation: The contribution of traits and self-efficacy beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 487- 492.
  • Wattenberg, M. (2002). Where have all the voters gone?. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Xie, G., & Xu, Y. (2011). The history, current state, and future trend of Weibo. Modern Communication (China), 4, 75-80.
  • Zhang, W., Johnson, T. J., Seltzer, T., & Bichard, S. L. (2010). The revolution will be networked: The influence of social networking sites on political attitudes and behavior. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 75-92.
  • Zhang, X., & Lin, W. Y. (2014). Political participation in an unlikely place: How individuals engage in politics through social networking sites in China. International Journal of Communication, 8, 22.
  • Zhuravskaya, E., Petrova, M., & Enikolopov, R. (2019). Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media. SSRN Electronic Journal. Published. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3439957

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Tareen, H. K., & Adnan, M. (2021). Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy. Global Social Sciences Review, VI(II), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-II).14

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Tareen, Hannan Khan, and Malik Adnan. 2021. "Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy." Global Social Sciences Review, VI (II): 130-138 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-II).14

HARVARD

    HARVARD : TAREEN, H. K. & ADNAN, M. 2021. Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy. Global Social Sciences Review, VI, 130-138.

MHRA

    MHRA : Tareen, Hannan Khan, and Malik Adnan. 2021. "Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy." Global Social Sciences Review, VI: 130-138

MLA

    MLA : Tareen, Hannan Khan, and Malik Adnan. "Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy." Global Social Sciences Review, VI.II (2021): 130-138 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Tareen, Hannan Khan and Adnan, Malik (2021), "Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy", Global Social Sciences Review, VI (II), 130-138

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Tareen, Hannan Khan, and Malik Adnan. "Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy." Global Social Sciences Review VI, no. II (2021): 130-138. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-II).14