Abstract

Throughout history, political instability has been a persistent issue for diasporic communities, exacerbating the challenges they already face. The present research endeavours to examine the impact of political turmoil on diasporic communities, with a particular focus on its role in shaping cultural identity, hybridity, and conflicting loyalties. The present research employs a qualitative analysis to amalgamate a substantial corpus of literature and deduces that diasporas are significantly impacted by political instability and violence, resulting in adverse outcomes such as relocation, trauma, and cultural identity loss. This study delves into the complexity of diasporic identity and the notion of hybridity, frequently linked to diaspora communities. Empirical evidence suggests that diasporic communities frequently experience a sense of estrangement and encounter competing allegiances due to their inability to fully assimilate their cultural heritage into their novel surroundings. Research has demonstrated the significance of comprehending diasporic identities and the obstacles that individuals encounter, particularly within the framework of contemporary political instability. The research findings highlight the need for policymakers and stakeholders to take into account the distinctive perspectives and experiences of diasporas, particularly in light of current political unrest. In order to comprehend and help diaspora groups, it also emphasizes the need for additional research on diaspora identity, cultural hybridity, and competing loyalties.

Key Words

Diasporas, Political Upheaval, Culture Differences, Hybridity, Conflicting Loyalties

Introduction

For thousands of years, the movement of people has existed throughout human history. The Struggle for improving their lives and employment prospects have frequently been the driving force behind voluntary migration. Large groups of people have, nevertheless, occasionally been compelled to depart their homes as a result of war, starvation, natural disasters, or political or religious persecution. Human geographers have just recently started to incorporate the concept of diaspora into their analyses, but it has long been cultivated in fields like cultural studies, literary criticism, and critical race studies. They observed that diaspora is basically a spatial phenomenon because it is influenced by exiles, displacements, and geographical differences. The term "diaspora" is frequently used in geographic studies to describe mobility. Diaspora merely refers to migration and immigration without delving into issues of identity, modernity, violent exile, communal histories, or ambivalent nation-building. 

This research delves into the diasporic conditions of immigrant protagonists in Sorayya Khan's "City of Spies" (2015), shedding light on an important contemporary issue in the literature. The novel presents a nuanced discussion of the problems and experiences faced by the Welsh Diaspora in Pakistan, highlighting the diasporic elements in the narrative. Khan's written discourse posits a compelling thesis regarding the significance of diaspora, as it elucidates the manners in which cross-cultural encounters and the ramifications of political and social transformations can potentially impact individuals' quotidian experiences. Additionally, the narrative underscores the challenges faced by individuals in the diaspora as they navigate the tension between their country of origin and their host nation. The book "City of Spies" provides readers with a comprehensive examination of diasporic experiences, thereby enhancing their understanding of the intricacies of contemporary society. The ongoing inquiry into the Diaspora community's pursuit of self-comprehension persists. The primary concepts explored in the novel pertain to themes of alienation, disorientation, the dichotomy of the self, nostalgia, and a yearning for bygone times. For individuals living abroad, departing from a country after having made a highly visible exit can pose significant challenges. The potential impact of political turmoil within their nation on their daily existence is significant. Displaced individuals who seek refuge are frequently compelled to abandon their residences and close relations due to armed conflict, authoritarianism, or additional manifestations of governmental instability. Refugees are often confronted with the challenge of adapting to unfamiliar cultural and social norms, while also contending with the adverse effects of prejudice, impoverishment, and psychological distress. The political turmoil can evoke a sense of apprehension among individuals regarding the safety of their family and the future of their country, even if they are not subjected to any physical coercion to relocate. Consequently, this phenomenon could potentially impact the self-perception and global positioning of individuals belonging to diasporic communities. The process of Aliya's adaptation to the Pakistani lifestyle and her eventual acceptance of the local culture serves as a representation of her challenge to establish a sense of belonging in the country. Due to her diverse lineage, she experiences a sense of cultural dissonance with both her familial upbringing and that of her father.

She could not fully identify with either culture. This study also demonstrates how “hybrid cultures” problems change over the course of their lives as they strive to survive in foreign lands.  In the story, General Zia ul Haq executes Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the Pakistani prime minister at the time, and does it in front of the audience. It has interpreted as a mystery tale about a Pakistani family and the disaster caused by extraterrestrial beings that can wreck a life. It indicates that decades have passed and has a debilitating effect on the general public. Hanif has opposing ideas about the settlement money and its numerous perplexing problems and implications that may have an impact on modern society and the general populace as a result of the unreported death of the retainer's kid in the minds of both Aliya and the retainer. It is a grand tale that explores the perplexing world of kids.

 Sorayya Khan who is both the narrator and the observer in her novel City of Spies (Khan, 2015) takes up a young girl as a central character. Aliya's narrative covers crucial years of Pakistani history that includes Gen. Zia's coup, Prime Minister Bhutto's hanging and the burning of the US Embassy in Islamabad. Who has experienced a more tolerant society when she was a young girl, is disturbed to see Islamabad (her hometown) become a mess of a city. Aliya is in a constant struggle to know about her real identity. The novel depicts how even the children of a country are affected by political upheaval there. The novel reveals the genuine picture of a post-colonial society where political issues capture even the mind of a child. The City of Spies (Khan, 2015) truly questions the identity of people who are caught in the web of diasporic consciousness. Aliya's ethnicity forces her to face a world of contradictions in her search for identity.  Is she Pakistani or European?  Is she fair or is she brown? It is a story of her emotional and cultural growth, where she struggles to find her real identity in a country where political crises are emerging. American novelist Sorayya Khan was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1962. She is of Pakistani descent. Her father is Pakistani and her mother is Dutch. She was born and raised in Islamabad, Pakistan, and then moved to the United States to complete her undergraduate studies at Allegheny College and her doctoral work in international studies at the University of Denver in Colorado. Khan received a Fulbright Award and a scholarship for artists from the Constance Salton Stall Foundation for one of her works, to carry out research in Bangladesh and Pakistan. Her story, "In the Shadows of Margalla Hills”, won the 1995 Mahalat Review First Novella Prize. 

Research Objective

? To examine the portrayal of social and political factors in Pakistani society and their impact on diasporas as depicted in Sorraya Khan's novel "City of Spies".

? To investigate the complexities and contradictions of diasporic loyalties, and to examine the ways in which these loyalties are constructed, negotiated, and contested in diasporic communities.

? Examine the role of hybridity in shaping the character development of protagonists in diasporic narratives, including their cultural, linguistic, and social identities, as well as their personal struggles and aspirations.




Research Questions

? In what ways do social and political crises impact diasporas and contribute to developing the protagonist's personality and shaping the identity of Characters in the text?

? How do factors such as cultural identity, political climate, and social context impact the loyalty of Pakistani diasporas to their home country and their country of residence?

? How do diasporic communities navigate tensions between their hybrid cultural identities and the pressures to assimilate into the dominant culture of their host society?

Literature Review

The word "diaspora" has Greek roots; the words "dia" and "speirien" mean "through" and "to disperse," respectively (Brubaker, 2005). Given the lengthy period of colonialism and the evident act of the colonial powers' departure., decolonization, various forms of displacement, and location as well as kinds of diaspora altered. Initially, the word was specifically applied to the voluntary exile of the Jews (Brubaker, 2005).

Postcolonial diaspora is another name for kind migration. The global literature of the post-colonial diaspora, referenced post-writings or indirectly, has been significantly preoccupied with the problem of location and displacement. The term "diaspora"  was originally only used in relation to the Jews  (McMillan, 2009), but in the literature of the post-colonial neocolonial era, it refers to themes of place and displacement, as well as the ensuing identity development and identity crises in a wider context  (Singh,  2011).

Hall (1990) argued that diaspora study establishes a relationship between cultural identity and the collective history of a migrant community. This relation is further strengthened by the addition of individual and subjective characteristics of the great leaders of that community. This idea is further elaborated by him in these words  "Diaspora is a  derived term which establishes a link between culture and history of a migrant community" (Hall 1990,p. 137).

Ashcroft (2002) investigated the link between colonialism and Diasporas. The phrase refers to the voluntary or forced departure of individuals from their nation of origin and relocation to another location for the protection of their person and property. It is a crucial, historical aspect of immigration however in the modern age the element of wealth, finance and education have also been included in the stimulators of migration.  Colonialism was a wholly diasporic activity that involved the temporary or ongoing dispersion and expenditure of millions of Europeans around the world(Ashcroft,2002). Tutchener (2013) claimed that the term diaspora has been under a continuous change for the last two decades because a lot of variation is seen in the manners, morals, actions, attitudes and behaviours of the diaspora people all over the world. They are in a phase of gradual improvement and occupying a proper, respectable and portent niche in the societies where they exist whether fairly or unfairly,  Diaspora has come to be valued in relation to many cultures or societies that exist outside of its existence.

Hosseini's (2003) "The Kite Runner” Set in

Afghanistan, this novel follows the friendship between a wealthy Pashtun boy and the son of his father's Hazara servant, against the backdrop of the Soviet invasion, the rise of the Taliban, and the US intervention. "The Kite Runner" depicts a nation torn apart by political unrest, brutality, hybridity and tyranny while also demonstrating the Afghan people's fortitude in the face of hardship.

Adichie (2006) in Half of The Yellow Sun s a novel set during the Nigerian-Biafran War, which lasted from 1967 to 1970. The narrative explores the socio-political milieu of the era in Nigeria, with a specific emphasis on the struggle for self-rule and the consequent internal conflict. The literary work additionally examines the impact of the war on the Nigerian diasporic community and the encounters of Nigerian individuals residing outside their homeland. The central character in the novel is Ugwu, a juvenile male hailing from a secluded village, who is employed as a domestic aide for a scholarly gentleman and his spouse of English origin. The professor and his spouse are Nigerian nationals who have relocated to foreign nations but maintain a steadfast dedication to advocating for liberation within their homeland. 

The central character of Adichie's (2013) literary work entitled "Americanah" is Ifemelu, a Nigerian individual who relocates to the United States with the intention of pursuing higher education. As her journey progresses, Ifemelu gains notoriety as a prominent blogger who focuses on topics related to race and identity. The novel delves into the ramifications of the political climate on the diaspora's experiences, highlighting its significant impact on the narrative. Politics exerts an impact on the diaspora through its influence on Nigerian immigrants residing in the United States.

Frame of work

Sheffer’s Concept of Communal and Political Effects on Diasporas

Sheffer's (2003) perspectives on the diaspora are traditional ones based on the historical expulsion of  Jews from their homeland.  Political science is Sheffer's area of expertise at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He has done a lot of research on ethnic and national diasporas.

 Sheffer’s (2003) book Diaspora Politics: At Home Abroad presents the diaspora theory. He attempts to explore in this work how much the Diaspora interacts with both the motherland and the host nation. Sheffer's theory of the diaspora places a strong emphasis on the concept of  "ethnonationalism" Sheffer uses the concept of ethnonationalism to analyse the politics of diasporas that are entirely motivated by a sense of national identity fueled by shared "ethnic and national features, tendencies, and familiarities" (Sheffer, 2003,p.11).

It looks at the politics of early, contemporary, and historical ethno-national diaspora. Contrary to what is usually believed, it is argued that ethnic and national diasporas are not a recent occurrence. This has been a long-standing experience with origins in antiquity, to a certain extent. There are unoccupied diasporas that date back to antiquity, the Middle Ages, and modern times. The ongoing struggle of these isolated cultural groups to maintain their individual identities and connections with their homelands and other isolated groups from the same nation, while living permanently in host countries far from their own, is a key aspect of this phenomenon. It clarifies theoretical issues relevant to present cultural politics in general while explaining and analyzing the diaspora phenomena. He describes the various types of diasporas and gives the common characteristics of all of them. Sheffer asserts that members of all these diasporas preserve and cultivate their ethnic and national identities via; 

“Showing solidarity with their groups and their entire nation. Organize and are active in the cultural,  social,  economic and political spheres. Members  of   such  Diaspora   establish a trans-state  network  that reflects complex relationships among  the  diaspora, and their  host countries, Sheffer (2003)”

 Sheffer (2003) considers it incorrect to simply link the forced exile with Jews. He says it would be incorrect to associate the phrase with Jews alone because other people have been dislocated before them.  Additionally, he distinguishes between two sorts of forceful migration: Stateless Diasporas (where foreign nationals have no nations of origin and no envisioned home countries to which they can return) and State-based Diasporas (migrants who were formerly citizens of the country they were forcibly removed from). For the goal of defining diaspora, Sheffer (2003).  




Bhabha’s Concept of Hybridity 

 Bhabha's uncommon and lofty concept of "binary opposition" further develops his idea of "hybridity or in-betweenness," which in turn leads to his more alluring dogma of "uncanny/unhomelic/unhomeliness." By doing so, he rejects both the conventional idea of binary oppositions and the Manichean idea advanced by former postcolonial intellectuals like Fanon and  Edward  Said.  He views binary oppositions as being arbitrary and shaky rather than fixed, which gives rise to the idea of hybridity. "Once the binaries are destabilized, cultures can be understood to interact, transgress, and modify one other in a much more complicated manner than the standard binary oppositions cannot," the author claims (Bhabha, 1994, p. 60). This serves as the starting point for the idea of hybridity or in-betweenness. According to Bhabha (1994, p. 59), hybridity is that which is "new, neither the one nor the other," which further engraves the idea of "uncanny/unhomelic/unhomeliness."Bhabha uses a  number of well-known concepts to highlight the uncanny nature of the immigrant experience. It first has a half-life that is comparable to the short-lived colonial status, and then it repeats the life of residing in the country of origin. The identity of the motherland and the identity of the host land are the two identities that make up a culture. Bhabha has also advanced the notion of doing away with the general status based on race.  He described modern life as "dwelling on the threshold of the present (Bhabha, 1994,p. 133). 

Discussion and Analysis

State of Political Upheaval 

Political choices impact the economic climate. Political changes affect the socio-cultural atmosphere of the nation. This book blends political and personal themes, yet there are certain gaps due to identity crises, cultural differences, racial tensions, and feelings of belonging or disconnection. Aliya is a young, impressionable, and acute observer who gets upset whenever she sees General Zia on television because she believes that both inside and outside of Pakistan, things are changing. Sheffer (2003) asserts that political and communal changes in society can affect the diaspora same like they effete the locals The story of the book is about a character who lives in two worlds at once.  Ellen Turner reviews City of Spies and states that Khan's third book is an amazing and moving examination of, among other things, American hegemony through the eyes of a small child (Khan, 2015).

Aliya Shah is an 11-year-old girl. Her father is Pakistani, while her mother is Dutch. Aliya attends an American school where she meets children of diplomats and, allegedly, spies. She is most closely associated with a blonde young woman named Lizzy. Between two realities, there is a being named Aliya. When the family hireling was killed, her life was forever altered. All of this is set against a complicated political backdrop: it's the 1970s, Bhutto has been ousted, and Gen. Zia has assumed the presidency. The way Khan handles issues like race, class,  and  American government can feel cumbersome in places According to Onmaroma (2015), the youngest child of a bureaucrat learns that the general has overthrown Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto when he demands that Aliya's father quit his job with the United Nations in Europe and urges him to come back home to help rebuild his nation.  Furthermore, a diplomat's automobile struck and killed the retainer's son in a hit-and-run incident.  This examination looks at how Americans fled to the safe ground after the burning of the  American embassy and how no one knows what caused the shooting.  However, Aliya learns more about her background and the Islamabad and Lahore of her youth in later years, commenting that her "home is a torrent of headlines now You see, there is a conflict in her nation. her towns are on fire. She has a police checkpoint for her capital.  This review finds a startling similarity between current events and the book's coming-of-age and political themes.  It is also interpreted as a  mystery tale about a Pakistani family and the disaster caused by extraterrestrial beings that can wreck a life. It indicates that decades have passed and has a debilitating effect on the general public. Hanif has opposing ideas about the hush money and its numerous perplexing problems and implications that may have an impact on modern society and the general populace as a result of the unreported death of the retainer's kid in the minds of both Aliya and the retainer. It is a grand tale that explores the perplexing world of kids. Nevertheless, the work is complex, emotional, and contains a nationalistic element as the fate of ordinary individuals who struggle to embrace and let go. 

The portrayal of political life in this book is particularly unique. Aliya tries to understand the occasions that shook and framed her youth and her nation. Thirty months have passed by the time the novel ends, and Pakistan has descended into chaos. The State head has been hanged, and the resolute General  Zia has begun to Islamize  Pakistan's governmental and social structures. Although Khan includes a post-content and a lengthy twenty-page epilogue, both of which are set in the current day, I felt that they just served to expand on Aliya's character rather than bring the story to a satisfactory conclusion. We find that the adult Aliya, finally, understands the events of those months, in any case, while we perceive what the past meant for Aliya's tendencies and her choice of calling, there is an enticing nonappearance concerning Aliya's endless character as an adult. The scrutinizer can without a very remarkable stretch acknowledge that events happened as they did, even while seeing that some of them are recounted. In spite of its regular lack,  City of Spies is a charming novel that recounts a story as geopolitically resonating now as of the time wherein it was set. Khan's "A City of Spies" is a story in a socio-world of politics, occurring inside the capital of Pakistan, Islamabad. 

The political environment is set during the 1970s when State leader Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was going to be hanged and the Overall Zia ul Haq had assumed control over power and in this way, a military regulation had been forced. The original discussions pretty much every one of the occasions that occur when the family moves back to Islamabad during the military rule from Lahore and the revelation of the demise of their worker's children,  Hanif,  leaves the youthful high schooler with a totally new viewpoint a character emergency of sorts. After a brief pause, my father declared, "There has been a coup." "Martial law has been imposed, and the prime minister is being held" (Khan, 2015, p. 12). Truth is often as inclusive and expansive as you allow it to be, and there is always more of it(Khan, 2015, p.5). Aliya, a young girl of eleven, speaks and narrates what happens in Sorayya Khans.

Through Aliya's eyes, Khan does a good job of capturing these feelings. How her character and life were affected by the political upheaval, or an illustration from another circumstance  The general ordered that there would be no political activity and forbade groups of more than five people from congregating in public places, according to Aliya. Newspapers were marked by white columns, but in between sat thin strips of newsprint bland enough to pass a censor's scrutiny"(Khan, 2015, p.  25). The novel City of Spies uses politics as a  framework, and the names of prominent figures add an oddly fascinating element to the political history of the nation. Khan's writing  "diametrically polarizes" American and Pakistani society  The truism of Pakistan in the 1970s is continually brought up in the narrative. Aliya's local natural elements read as a  minor resonation of the country's violent, frightful political scenes. The Top state leader, brought down by the military, is faulted for the crime of a political foe and is in this manner kept.  Papers are taken over by the public power, the mail appears actually opened, get-togethers of in excess of five people are blocked by regulation, and Islamabad is crawling with spies. "No one comprehended what they were doing since most of them were thought to be spies" Aliya fosters a tolerant way of behaving towards the public issue as her own. One such record is the State head's hanging. She is against the State head's hanging and is stressed over the totalitarian circumstance in Pakistan. In such a  situation,  she would rather not return to an American school, since no one is miserable about his hanging in Aliya's school. All are Americans and  Americans care very little about Pakistanis. This thing squeezes Aliya and different considerations begin meandering to her regarding how might commendable Head of the state be so worthless. These contemplations isolate her from her American personality and carry her nearer to her Pakistani character, subsequently fostering an Identity Crisis in her. Toward the start of the novel, Aliya was in the blessing of America however as the original returns her contemplations change her public personality.  

Her reasoning towards Pakistan changes continuously, as she observes numerous episodes, like the homicide of Hanif by white Mrs Simon and when a typical individual calls her. The assessment investigates how political and social components or changing relations work in the novel. The astounding course picked by Sorayya Khan is showing how the 11-year-old psyche is fractured due to the changes that occurred in society. She decides to keep up with that Centre sidelined and lets her readers experience the move that was felt by most Pakistanis due to the assurgency of the tactical regulation. In Khan's grip, the brutality and disaster in Aliya's nuclear family normal factors read as a minor reverberation of the nation's rough, depleting political scenes.

Conflicting Loyalties of Diasporas

Diasporas' loyalties to their country and religion always remain in question that's why diasporic peoples retain powerful psychological, emotional, and cultural links with their nations of origin.  This gives them comfort and perceived solidarity and enhanced their identity,  in sometimes hostile forces in their adopted nations. They look to their countries of origin and feel proud of their ethnic origins, especially if their mother nations are excelling. They have strong ties to their adoptive countries because that is where their employees, families, and friends, as well as their economic and political lives, are located. The City of Spies is a story of changing sides and conflicting loyalties. Since Aliya, the protagonist of  City of Spies, is a depiction of Khan, the author, Turner analyses the book as autobiographical. Due to the fact that Khan's mother is Dutch and her father is Pakistani, she also has a mixed identity. The main character of the book, Aliya, encounters struggles in her life after Hanif's passing. In today's society, where there are many marriages between people from different nations, Aliya's struggle to find her identity and fit into a certain tribe is a story that has to be told. "This is a narrative of a girl who is searching for her identities and her loyalties kept changing," he said of City of Spies (Khan, 2015). Being strange to the local nation of her dad, Aliya couldn't acknowledge Pakistani culture totally. At the point when she selected a local school, she investigated that she was unable to talk her "first language" i.e., "Urdu" Returning to Pakistan she liked to get admission to an American school in  Pakistan.  Aliya's identity should be visible after her admission to that American school totally. She felt glad that she can communicate in English in her new school. She depicts her sentiments as: "I was happy. We'd gone to American schools in Europe and hence, knew what's in store, however, the new possibility of going to a Pakistan school as a creamer made me apprehensive"  (Khan, 2015,  p.  2). Migrant character struggle can be noticed plainly in the novel when Aliya enters an American school, which is situated in political territory,  a region that is held for unfamiliar consulates, she will not present her Pakistani character, just Americans and American visitors are permitted to enter in it, "... she was not permitted to concede to being Pakistani. Nobody let me know this, yet I some way or another knew" (Khan, 2015, p.20). `This shows how she exclusively would not take on her Pakistani character and presented herself as an American. Then again, she wouldn't be confessed to the young ladies' scout gathering of her class because of her  Pakistani personality.  As it is described in the text:  "Pakistanis were not permitted in her gathering" (Khan, 2015, p. 54). She felt divided between being Pakistani or Dutch at first, she was strange with people's culture and rituals. "I still blamed the prime minister.  Whether it was reasonable or not, I held him personally responsible for my discomfort with what I was—half-and-half, mixed, Pakistani, whatever" (Khan, 2015, p.212).

Her loyalties are in question when she saw the American kids teasing the Pakistani people from the yellow bus at the very first moment she thought that they deserved to be spit upon The behaviour of other American students towards Pakistani students made her believe that the "Pakistanis deserved to be punished" (Khan, 2015, p. 27). The image of Pakistanis is created awfully by diplomats. She also has sympathy for Hanif. "Khan's strength as a novelist rests in the way he analyses how the past impacts our psychology and attitudes and challenges readers to consider elements of the past that have previously been ignored," says  Khan.  Aliya's loyalty to white people changed once she learned that her best friend Lizzy's mother, Anne Simon, had killed Hanif and that white people who commit whitewashing are not held accountable. Then Khan shows how Aliya is affected by a horrible incident that occurs in her own household. At the time Hanif was killed, and by an American as well, Anne Simon, the mother of Aliya's best friend, said she felt  Pakistani.  Sorayya skillfully portrays the macroscopic façade of how Americans had killed numerous Pakistanis in the past and were always conspiring against them via the eyes of an 11-year-old. She begins by evoking sympathy for the character and causing the audience to become enamoured with her to the point where we feel as though we are one with her. we as readers are able to feel every feeling she experiences more intensely, including her propensity to like Sadiq and her great regret. She became more Pakistani than she had ever been as a result of a change in "power" brought about by an unhappy episode, in Aliya's words. "Because of Hanif’s death  was  more Pakistani than ever...” (Khan, 2015, p. 288)




Cultural Diversity and Hybridization

Hybrid identity or Hybridization is an interweaving of various cultures. “Hybrid agencies find their voices in a dialectic that does not seek cultural supremacy or sovereignty” (Bhabha, 2003, p. 58) When diaspora people try their best to settle there and have a good place in that settled country, they face several changes in the new society. It badly affects them and they try to hold their own culture and follow that culture. When people in large numbers migrate to any land, they try to carry their own culture with them to that host country. In some cases, diaspora people happily accept the culture and values and try to submerge in that society but some prefer to follow their own culture as stated before. Bhabha's uncommon and grandiose idea of 'parallel resistance' further draws his thought of  'hybridity or in-betweenness that eventually prompts him, his creed of 'uncanny/unhomely/unhomeliness' that is a really charming one.  Bhabha  (1994)characterizes hybridity as what is "new, neither the one nor the other" (Bhabha, 1994, p. 59).In City of Spies(Khan, 2015). Aliya's mother happily accepts the culture of the host land and turned into brown. she says "Her mother has turned "brown" by being married to her father though, of course, you couldn't tell by looking" (Khan, 2015, p.13). 

There are also sort of diasporic people, who follow certain practices from both cultures. The City of Spies projects the miseries of transients in an unfamiliar land. The review features the silly treatment of USA residents towards transients because of the  White predominance complex.  It makes a  personality complex among transients.  Aliya's experience with Pakistan as an outsider land and social digestion shows her battle for having a place. Hybridity makes her an outsider to his father's local culture and furthermore, to the way of life in which she was raised. They can neither dispose of their social qualities and custom nor can take on the culture of their host land totally. Subsequently, they make a third space, which Bhabha likewise calls a liminal space for themselves to squeeze into the general public they live in or to the general public they have a place with. This third space brings a feeling of strangeness among them for the two societies and made them outsiders to the two grounds.  There are many occurrences of hybridity in this book.  Whenever Aliya is in the company of her  American companion Lizzy, she generally copies American getup, "the garments I was wearing and the lights streaks in my chestnut hair that made me look less Pakistani" (Khan, 2015, p. 59).

The two records present inconsistencies in her variation to American culture. She needs to take on new culture somewhat and will not acknowledge it in any case,  as she felt humiliated when her shoulders were uncovered. On one hand, she is wearing pants, going to an American school, paying attention to  American  Pop music and radio stations,  and then again,  Arabic language on  TV, wearing a   dupatta;   these episodes are squeezing and pressing her towards Diaspora consciousness. She was unable to have a place with either culture totally. This shows the issue looked at by half-breed social orders during their endurance battle in far-off land change all through their lives. This story experiences the execution of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the state leader of Pakistan around then, because of General Zia ul Haq. Pakistanis living abroad hold up to their social roots, trusting osmosis and assimilation in an unfamiliar land. Aliya depicts her cross-breed diasporic character when she says: My dad, Javid, is brown and Pakistani, my mom, Irene, is white and Dutch, and my kin and I are half-and-half’s" (Khan, 2015, p. 1). These lines show her cross-breed family living in Europe, while on the Head of the State's greeting her dad moved back to Pakistan with his loved ones.  

This examination observes that their personality is scattered.  They are a mixture,  and their character is "cream" since they are wavering between two nations or two societies. The review shows their mixed character stuck between two distinct societies and ways of life as  Bhabha thinks that personality is verbose.  Being strange to the local nation of her dad,  Aliya couldn't acknowledge  Pakistani culture totally.  At  the  point  when  she  selected a  local  school,  she investigated that she was unable to talk in her "first language" i.e., 'Urdu.' Returning to Pakistan she liked to get admission to an American school in Pakistan. Aliya's personality emergency should be visible after her admission to that American school totally. She felt glad that she can communicate in  English in her new school.  She depicts her sentiments as: "I was happy. We'd gone to American schools in Europe and, hence, knew what's in store, yet the new possibility of going to a Pakistan school as a cream made me apprehensive" (Khan, 2015, p. 2). Migrant personality struggle can be noticed plainly in the novel when Aliya enters an American school, which is situated in a discretionary territory, a region that is served foreign embassies, she refuses to present her  Pakistani identity,  only Americans and American guests are allowed to enter in it, "...The people who follow their culture strictly called "homeland identity", the people who totally submerge in that land and culture of that society are called as "Settled land identity"  and those who follow specific practices of both lands are called as "Hyphenated identity" or "hybrid identity". Khan's novel is about the people who mix their identity into both cultures the hyphenated identity or hybrid identity.  Although Aliya,  in the novel, follows her American culture, in Pakistan, she learns Urdu so that she can communicate with her family servant 

Conclusion

Ultimately, the publication provides valuable perspectives on the complex interplay between community and political transformations, migration, and hybridity. The literary work portrays a nation undergoing significant political transformations, resulting in the extensive displacement of its inhabitants and the formation of novel diasporic communities. The principal characters and antagonists of the literary work are confronted with the difficulties of preserving multiple identities while adjusting to a novel community. Hybridization is a phenomenon in which individuals adapt to their novel environment and construct a distinct identity that is a culmination of their diverse cultural heritages. Hybridization is regarded as a form of resistance as it challenges established narratives and conventions, while simultaneously celebrating diversity and distinctiveness. The book illustrates the positive and negative impacts of the novel on diasporic communities due to political changes within the society. While political instability frequently leads to displacement and traumatic experiences for individuals, it also offers opportunities for diasporic communities to establish novel locations and identities.  Then Sorayya illustrates how Aliya is affected by a horrible incident that occurs in her own home. Sorayya skillfully portrays the macroscopic façade of how Americans had killed numerous Pakistanis in the past and were always conspiring against them via the eyes of an 11-year-old. The research has shown how societal and political turmoil influences the protagonist's and other characters' personalities. The political environment has a crucial impact on the economy.    These views are shared by both  Aliya and the retainer. The big story examines the complex world of children. The burning of the  American embassy, along with the towns and residences of diplomats affected the overall health of Islamabad's residents Aliy was really shocked, and she was also concerned for her home and her best friend Lizzy. This research highlights the importance of understanding the complex relationships between communal and political changes, diasporas, and hybridity in Khan's City of Spies.

References

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• Hamid, M. (2007).The Reluctant Fundamentalist. Toronto: Doubleday Canada.