Unveil the Dilemma: Run Away Children
"Runaway children" is a growing issue. Print, electronic, and social media highlighted and reported many cases daily. Multidimensional factors are responsible. This study aims to highlight the factors responsible behind and to suggest solutions for families and persons concerned. The assessment of the factors is based on the statements of runaway children. The empirical work focused on 50 children aging from 9 years to 17 years. Structured interviews were carried out. The results indicate that the highest proportion of runaway children was due to violence at home, at school/madras, and at the workplace.Punishments, violence against children, poverty, and strict behavior were pointed out as major causes. Soft and friendly behavior, provision of basic needs including education, parents' guidance, violence free environment without punishment play a role in minimizing the incidence. Extra curricular activities - sports, Boy Scout, and Girl Guide are the key at the school level.
-
(1) Bushra Yasmeen
Associate Professor, School of Sociology, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Ramzan
Assistant Professor, Institute of Social and Cultural Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Shadab Iqbal
Lecturer, School of Sociology, Minhaj University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
- Achakzai, J. K. (2011). Causes and Effects of Runaway Children Crisis: Evidence from Balochistan. Pakistan Social and Economic Review. 49(2), 211-230.
- BBC. (28th March 2016 ). Lahore is one of Pakistan's most liberal and wealthy cities.
- Cabrera, N. J., Hofferth, S. L., & Chae, S. (2011). Patterns and predictors of father-infant engagement across race/ethnic groups. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 26(3), 365- 375.
- Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., & Shiner, R. L. (2005). Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 56, 453-484.
- Conrad-Hiebner, A., & Byram, E. (2020). The temporal impact of economic insecurity on child maltreatment: a systematic review. Trauma Violence Abuse. 21(1), 157-78.
- Daily Business Standards. (12th March 2022) https://www.business-standard.com
- Daily Dawn, Islamabad. (12th March 2022). https://www.dawn.com/news/1564053
- Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science. 250, 1678-83.
- Edward, A., Robin, J., Anthony, R. (2014). Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Others Don't . Routledge.
- Gosselin, & Denise, K. (2009). Heavy Hands: An Introduction to the Crime of Intimate and Family Violence (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. p.13.
- Government of the Punjab – Planning & Development Department. (March 2015). "Punjab Growth Strategy 2018 Accelerating Economic Growth and Improving Social Outcomes" (PDF).
- Harris, K. M., & Marmer, J. K. (1996). Poverty, paternal involvement, and adolescent well- being. Journal of Family Issues, 17(5), 614- 640.
- Higgins, D. J., & McCabe, M. P. (2001). Multiple forms of child abuse and neglect: adultretrospective reports. Aggress Violent Behav. 6(6), 547-78.
- Kalil, A., & DeLeire, T. (Eds.). (2004). Family Investments in Children: Resources and Parenting Behaviors That Promote Success. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Karoly, L. A., Kilburn, M. R., & Cannon, J. S. (2005). Early Childhood Interventions: Proven Results, Future Promise.
- Kenneth, C. (11th April, 2005). The World Vision Expresses Concern for Street Children in Pakistan. www.christianpost.co
- Lamb, M. E. (2004). The Role of the Father in Child Development ( 4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Lee, S., Aos, S., & Pennucci, A. (2015). What Works and What Does Not? Benefit-Cost Findings from the Washington State Institute for Public Policy. Doc. No. 15-02-4101. Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.
- Lindo, J. M., Schaller, J., & Hansen, B. (2018). Caution! Men not at work: gender-specific labor market conditions and child maltreatment. J Public Econ. 63, 77-98.
- Lo, C. K. M., & Chan, K. L. (2019). Insecure adult attachment and child maltreatment: a meta- analysis. Trauma Violence Abuse. 20(5), 706- 19.
- Matthews, G., Deary, I. J., & Whiteman, M. C. (2003). Personality traits. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Olsson, A., Knapska, E., & Lindström, B. (2020). The neural and computational systems of social learning. Nat Rev Neurosci.
- Pakistan UNDP Report. (2016). Pakistan’s new poverty index reveals that 4 out of 10 Pakistanis live in multidimensional poverty.
- Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Pakistan Unemployment Rate
- Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2017-18). Labour Force Survey (Annual Report) https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/labour-force-survey-2017-18-annual-report
- Pereda, N., & DÃaz-Faes, D. A. (2020). Family violence against children in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic: a review of current perspectives and risk factors. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health; 14(40),
- Pinheiro, P. S. (2006). World report on violence against children. Geneva: United Nations.
- Pruett, K. (2000). Father-Need. New York: Broadway Books.
- Rosenberg, J., & Wilcox, W. B. (2006). The Importance of Fathers in the Healthy Development of Children: Fathers and Their Impact on Children’s Well-Being. Washington, DC: U.S. Children’s Bureau, Office on Child Abuse and Neglect.
- Saini, S. M., Hoffmann, C. R., Pantelis, C., Everall, I. P., & Bousman, C. A. (2019). Systematic review and critical appraisal of child abuse measurement instruments. Psychiatry Res. 272, 106-13.
- Shelley, F. (16th December 2014). The World's Population: An Encyclopedia of Critical Issues, Crises, and Ever-Growing Countries. ABC-CLIO. 356.
- Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R. A., van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2015). The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: review of a series of metaanalyses. Child Abuse Rev. 24, 37-50.
- The News International. (2015). A broken family can negatively affect all domains of your child’s development.
- The Express Tribune. (Nov. 2016). The Street Children of Pakistan
- Usha, & Masson. L. (1990). Historical Routes of North West Indian Subcontinent, Lahore to Delhi, 1550s–1850s A.D.: Network Analysis Through DCNC-micro Methodology. Sagar Publications.
- Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & DuMont, K. A. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of child abuse and neglect: real or detection bias? Science. 347(6229), 1480-5.
- World Bank Report. (2021). The World Bank in Pakistan. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/pakistan/overview
- World Health Organization. (2013). European report on preventing child maltreatment. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
- Xiaohui, H. (2010). Wealth: Crucial but not sufficient- Evidence from Pakistan on Economic Growth, Child Labour and Schooling. The Journal of Development Studies. 46(3), Human Development.
- Yeung, W. J., Duncan, G. J., & Hill, M. S. (2000). P utting fathers back in the picture: Parental activities and children’s adult outcomes. In H.E. Peters, G.W. Peterson, S.K. Steinmetz, and R.D. Day (Eds.), Fatherhood: Research, Interventions and Policies 97-113. New York: Hayworth Press.
Cite this article
-
APA : Yasmeen, B., Ramzan, M., & Iqbal, S. (2022). Unveil the Dilemma: Run Away Children. Global Social Sciences Review, VII(II), 207 - 213. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2022(VII-II).20
-
CHICAGO : Yasmeen, Bushra, Muhammad Ramzan, and Shadab Iqbal. 2022. "Unveil the Dilemma: Run Away Children." Global Social Sciences Review, VII (II): 207 - 213 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2022(VII-II).20
-
HARVARD : YASMEEN, B., RAMZAN, M. & IQBAL, S. 2022. Unveil the Dilemma: Run Away Children. Global Social Sciences Review, VII, 207 - 213.
-
MHRA : Yasmeen, Bushra, Muhammad Ramzan, and Shadab Iqbal. 2022. "Unveil the Dilemma: Run Away Children." Global Social Sciences Review, VII: 207 - 213
-
MLA : Yasmeen, Bushra, Muhammad Ramzan, and Shadab Iqbal. "Unveil the Dilemma: Run Away Children." Global Social Sciences Review, VII.II (2022): 207 - 213 Print.
-
OXFORD : Yasmeen, Bushra, Ramzan, Muhammad, and Iqbal, Shadab (2022), "Unveil the Dilemma: Run Away Children", Global Social Sciences Review, VII (II), 207 - 213
-
TURABIAN : Yasmeen, Bushra, Muhammad Ramzan, and Shadab Iqbal. "Unveil the Dilemma: Run Away Children." Global Social Sciences Review VII, no. II (2022): 207 - 213. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2022(VII-II).20