01 Pages : 1-13
http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-III).01 10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-III).01 Published : Sep 2023From Brain-Gain to Brain-Drain: Analyzing Emigration Drivers in Nigeria and the Socio-economic Implications for Future Development
Brain-drain occurs when highly educated and skilled people leave their home nations for greater chances abroad. Over the years, Nigeria, a developing nation with major socio-economic issues, has lost a significant portion of its workforce. People leave Nigeria for lack of jobs, inadequate infrastructure, unpredictable governmental administration, and uncompetitive wages and benefits. The loss of qualified personnel hinders the country's ability to supply basic services, innovate, and grow economically, hurting healthcare, education, and economic development. Nigeria needs job wage and service standards reform to stop brain drain. This includes improving domestic employment, education, research and development, and investment and entrepreneurship. Scholarship, mentorship, and professional development initiatives may also reduce brain drain by encouraging skilled people to stay or return to Nigeria.
-
(1) Emmanuel Oludayo
Department of International Politics, University of Hull, United Kingdom.
- Abang, M. (2019, April 8). Nigeria's medical brain drain: Healthcare woes as doctors flee. Al Jazeera News. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2019/4/8/nigerias-medical-brain-drain-healthcare-woes-as-doctors-flee
- Abiru, F. (2019, May 14). 'Is Nigeria's Brain Drain a Net Gain?'. Stears Business. https://www.stears.co/article/is-nigerias-brain-drain-actually-a-net-gain
- Adebowale, N. and Kabir, Y. (2023, March 2). Brain Drain: dRPC, experts, others discuss implications on Nigeria's health sector. Premium times. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/health/health-news/585687-brain-drain-drpc-health-experts-others-discuss-implications-on-health-service-delivery-live-update.html
- Adetayo, J.O. (2010). A Study of Factors Influencing Brain Drain among Medical Personnel in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/njhbs.v9i1.60969
- Adeyemi, R. A., Joel, A., Ebenezer, J. T., & Attah, E. Y. (2018). The effect of brain drain on the economic development of developing countries: Evidence from selected African countries. Journal of Health and Social Issues (JOHESI) Vol, 7(2), 66-76
- Afunugo, K. N. (2023). Japa Syndrome and its Challenges to the Nigeria’s Labour Force: a Search for Religious Solutions. OHAZURUME-Unizik Journal of Culture and Civilization, 2(2). https://acjol.org/index.php/ohazurume/article/view/3902
- Agba, A. M. O., Udom, H. T., & Eke, I. T. (2020). Why brain drain in the Nigerian health sector? Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.24203/ajas.v8i2.5990
- Akinwotu, E. (2023, January 19). The trend of young Nigerians leaving their country in search of a better life. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2023/01/19/1150073901/the-trend-of-young-nigerians-leaving-their-country-in-search-of-a-better-life
- Alabi, J. A. (2015). The Effect of Brain Drain on Economic Growth of Nigeria. Kogi Journal of General Studies, 5(1), 121-132.
- Banvard, B. (2023, January 30). Top 10 Highest Paying Countries for Lecturers. Mikscholars. https://www.mikscholars.com/2023/01/30/top-10-highest-paying-countries-for-lecturers/
- Chiekezie, O.M., Emejulu, G. & Nwanneka, A. (2017). Compensation management and employee retention of selected commercial banks in Anambra State, Nigeria. Archives of Business Research, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.53.2758
- Chikwe, C.K., Ogidi, R.C. & Nwachukwu, K. (2015). Challenges of Research and Human Capital Development in Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(28), 44-47. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1081206
- Dakuku, P. (2022, October 3). Exodus of the next generation; time for real concern. Premium Times. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/557517-exodus-of-the-next-generation-time-for-real-concern-by-dakuku-peterside.html
- Dankumo, A. M., Ishak, S., Bani, Y. & Hamza, H.Z. (2019). The Relationship between Public Expenditure, Corruption and Poverty in Nigeria. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan, 11(1), 76-89. https://doi.org/10.17977/um002v11i12019p076
- Emeghara, E. E. (2013). Brain drain as a clog in the wheel of Nigeria's development: The university education system in focus. International Journal of Development and Management Review, 8(1), 110-121. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijdmr/article/view/91304
- Eromosele, F. (2023, June 18). Over 71m Nigerians in extreme poverty — World Poverty Clock. Vanguard. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/06/over-71m-nigerians-in-extreme-poverty-world-poverty-clock/
- Gbenga, B.O. and Yakub, N.F., (2018). Reward System and Public Secondary School Teachers’ Performance. Covenant Journal of Business and Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.20370/cjbss.v0i0.918
- Google Finance (2023, November 17). Nigerian Naira to United States Dollar. Google Finance. https://www.google.com/finance/quote/NGN-USD?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmyvX5y8qCAxXOW0EAHXxtDVMQmY0JegQIGBAr
- Hazelkorn, E. (2015). Rankings and the reshaping of higher education: The battle for world-class excellence. Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137446671
- Hurst, E. (2014). Local villages and global networks: the language and migration experiences of African skilled migrant academics. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 15(1), 50–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2014.937400
- Idoko, N. (2023, August 21). The Salary Scale: How Much do Professors Earn in Nigeria?. Professions.ng. https://professions.ng/how-much-do-professors-earn-in-nigeria/#:~:text=Overview%20of%20Salary%20Ranges%20for,field%20of%20study%2C%20and%20institution
- Ighoshemu, B. O., & Ogidiagba, U. B. (2022). Poor governance and massive unemployment in Nigeria: as causes of brain drain in the Buhari administration (2015- 2020). Insights into Regional Development, 4(2), 73-84. http://doi.org/10.9770/IRD.2022.4.2(6)
- IOM. (2014). Needs assessment in the Nigerian education sector. International organization for migration, Abuja, Nigeria. https://publications.iom.int/books/needs-assessment-nigerian-education-sector
- James Jacob, W., Xiong, W. and Ye, H. (2015). Professional development programmes at world-class universities. Palgrave communications, 1(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2015.2
- Jibril, M., & Abdulkarim, O. (2008) Nigeria in Higher Education in Africa: The International Dimension in Dumtew Teferra and Jane Knight (eds) Centre for International Higher Education and Association of African Universities. Boston and Accra, 362
- Joel, M. (2022, July 19). 'In search of greener pastures': Checking five claims about Nigeria's doctors and the brain drain. Africa Check. https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/reports/search-greener-pastures-checking-five-claims-about-nigerias-doctors-and-brain
- Joshua, S., Olanrewaju, I. P., & Ebiri, O. (2014). Leadership, brain drain and human capacity building in Africa: The Nigerian Experience. Research Journal in Organizational Psychology & Educational Studies, 3(4), 283–290. http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/9056/
- Kheyfets, B., & Chernova, V. (2021). Comparative assessment of the influence of a technological factor on economic growth. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 1, 6-15. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.225526
- Kollar, E., & Buyx, A. (2013). Ethics and policy of medical brain drain: a review. Swiss medical weekly, 143, w13845. https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2013.13845
- Konrad, J. (1988). Management. Toronto: D.C. Health and Company
- Lawal, L., Lawal, A.O., Amosu, O.P., Muhammad-Olodo, A.O., Abdulrasheed, N., Abdullah, K.U.R., Kuza, P.B., Aborode, A.T., Adebisi, Y.A., Kareem, A.A. & Aliu, A. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic and health workforce brain drain in Nigeria. International Journal for Equity in Health, 21(1), 174. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01789-z
- Madani, R.A. (2019). Analysis of Educational Quality, a Goal of Education for All Policy. Higher Education Studies, 9(1), 100- 109. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v9n1p100
- Mohamed, M. M. A., Liu, P., & Nie, G. (2022). Causality between Technological Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Economies of Developing Countries. Sustainability, 14(6), 3586. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063586
- Mohammed, K. (2021, November 9). A wealth of sorrow: why Nigeria's abundant oil reserves are really a curse. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/nov/09/a-wealth-of-sorrow-why-nigerias-abundant-oil-reserves-are-really-a-curse
- Muanya, C. (2020, October 8). How to reverse the rising tide of brain drain, medical tourism in Nigeria after 60 years. The Guardian (Nigeria). https://guardian.ng/features/how-to-reverse-rising-tide-of-brain-drain-medical-tourism-in-nigeria-after-60-years
- National Bureau of Statistics. (2021). https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/
- Noor, M., & Baloch, Q. B. (2015). Brain Dain, its Determinants and Solutions. Peshawar Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences (PJPBS), 1(2), 193-209. https://doi.org/10.32879/PJPBS.2015.1.2.193-209
- Odeyemi, I.O. (2021) Rationales for Migration from Nigeria: societal effects and its impacts. Global History Dialogues. https://globalhistorydialogues.org/projects/rationales-for-migration-from-nigeria
- Ogbenika, G. E. (2019). The Effect of Brain Drain and Migration on Nigerian's Development. Journal of African Studies and Sustainable Development, 2(7). https://acjol.org/index.php/jassd/article/view/2644
- Ogunode, N. J., Ezema, O., & Olugbenga, A. V. (2022). Problems Faced by Academic Leaders in Public Higher Institutions in Nigeria. Spanish Journal of Innovations and Integrity, 6, 214-224
- Ogunode, N. J; & Adamu, D. G. (2021). Shortage of Academic Staff in the Higher Institution of Learning in Nigeria. American Journal of Economics and Business Management, 4(2), 52-67.
- Okafor, C. and Chimereze, C. (2020). Brain drain among Nigerian nurses: Implications to the migrating nurse and the home country. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 7(1), 15-21
- Okolie, U. C., Igwe, P. A., Nwosu, H. E., Eneje, B. C., & Mlanga, S. (2020). Enhancing graduate employability: Why do higher education institutions have problems with teaching generic skills?. Policy Futures in Education, 18(2), 294-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210319864824
- Okunade, S. K., & Awosusi, O. E. (2023). The Japa syndrome and the migration of Nigerians to the United Kingdom: an empirical analysis. Comparative Migration Studies, 11(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-023-00351-2
- Oladeji, B. D., & Gureje, O. (2016). Brain drain: a challenge to global mental health. BJPsych International, 13(3), 61–63. https://doi.org/10.1192/s2056474000001240
- Olatunji, H. (2021, April 2021). As president Buhari has spent 171 days in U.K. on medical vacation. The Cable. https://www.thecable.ng/timeline-as-president-buhari-has-spent-171-days-in-uk-on-medical-vacation
- Onah, C.K., Azuogu, B.N., Ochie, C.N., Akpa, C.O., Okeke, K.C., Okpunwa, A.O., Bello, H.M. & Ugwu, G.O. (2022). Physician emigration from Nigeria and the associated factors: the implications to safeguarding the Nigeria health system. Human Resources for Health, 20(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-022-00788-z
- Osigbesan, O. T. (2021). Medical brain drain and its effect on the Nigerian healthcare sector (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University). https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=12099&context=dissertations
- Osiobe, E.U., (2019). A literature review of human capital and economic growth. Business and Economic Research, 9(4), 179-196. https://doi.org/10.5296/ber.v9i4.15624
- Raghavan, A., Demircioglu, M.A. and Taeihagh, A., (2021). Public health innovation through cloud adoption: a comparative analysis of drivers and barriers in Japan, South Korea, and Singapore. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 334.
- Raziq, A. and Maulabakhsh, R. (2015). Impact of working environment on job satisfaction. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 717-725.
- Salami, B., Dada, F. O., & Adelakun, F. E. (2016). Human resources for health challenges in Nigeria and nurse migration. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 17(2), 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/15271544166569 42
- Sasu, D. D. (2022, December 5) Poverty headcount rate in Nigeria as of 2019, by state. Statista. Retrieved 17th November, 2023
- Taheri, R.H., Miah, M.S. and Kamaruzzaman, M. (2020). Impact of working environment on job satisfaction. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 5(6).
- Teixeira, P.N. (2014). Gary Becker's early work on human capital–collaborations and distinctiveness. IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 3, 1-20
- The Global Economy. (2023). Nigeria: Human flight and brain drain. Retrieved 15th July, 2023, from https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Nigeria/human_flight_brain_drain_index/
- Transparency International (2023) Corruption Perceptions Index. Retrieved 18th July, 2023, from https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/dnk
- Warraich, N.F., Ameen, K. and Malik, A., 2019. Recruitment and retention of information professionals: library leaders' perspectives in Pakistan. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 68(6/7), 568-580. https://doi.org/10.1108/gkmc-01-2019-0003
- William, F. (2023). Why the Nigerian Dream is to Leave Nigeria. Sapientia: Journal of Philosophy, 17
- oung, J. (2023, December 19). Brain drain: Definition, causes, effects, and examples. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/brain_drain.asp
Cite this article
-
APA : Oludayo, E. (2023). From Brain-Gain to Brain-Drain: Analyzing Emigration Drivers in Nigeria and the Socio-economic Implications for Future Development. Global Social Sciences Review, VIII(III), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-III).01
-
CHICAGO : Oludayo, Emmanuel. 2023. "From Brain-Gain to Brain-Drain: Analyzing Emigration Drivers in Nigeria and the Socio-economic Implications for Future Development." Global Social Sciences Review, VIII (III): 1-13 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-III).01
-
HARVARD : OLUDAYO, E. 2023. From Brain-Gain to Brain-Drain: Analyzing Emigration Drivers in Nigeria and the Socio-economic Implications for Future Development. Global Social Sciences Review, VIII, 1-13.
-
MHRA : Oludayo, Emmanuel. 2023. "From Brain-Gain to Brain-Drain: Analyzing Emigration Drivers in Nigeria and the Socio-economic Implications for Future Development." Global Social Sciences Review, VIII: 1-13
-
MLA : Oludayo, Emmanuel. "From Brain-Gain to Brain-Drain: Analyzing Emigration Drivers in Nigeria and the Socio-economic Implications for Future Development." Global Social Sciences Review, VIII.III (2023): 1-13 Print.
-
OXFORD : Oludayo, Emmanuel (2023), "From Brain-Gain to Brain-Drain: Analyzing Emigration Drivers in Nigeria and the Socio-economic Implications for Future Development", Global Social Sciences Review, VIII (III), 1-13
-
TURABIAN : Oludayo, Emmanuel. "From Brain-Gain to Brain-Drain: Analyzing Emigration Drivers in Nigeria and the Socio-economic Implications for Future Development." Global Social Sciences Review VIII, no. III (2023): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-III).01