Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Quasi-Fiscal Activities in Pakistan's Electricity Sector on the Fiscal Deficit
This study aims to empirically investigate the impact of quasi-fiscal activities in the electricity sector on Pakistan's fiscal deficit, using time series data from 1973 to 2022. The Bound and ARDL tests are employed to analyze the long-run cointegration among the variables. The results indicate that the variables are cointegrated in the long run and that the one-year lagged values of hidden costs and exchange rates significantly impact the fiscal deficit both in the long and short run. Trade openness has a statistically significant impact on the fiscal deficit in the long run but no significant impact in the short run. GDP does not show a statistically significant impact on the fiscal deficit in either the long or short run. The study suggests that the government should encourage the privatization of distribution companies (DISCOs), phase out untargeted subsidies, promote renewable energy, and maintain a stable exchange rate.
-
(1) Sabeel Khan
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Fazale Wahid
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Islamia College Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Tanweer Ahmed
Visiting Faculty, Development Studies, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
-
Ananda, M., & Jha, R. (2004). Budgetary subsidies and the fiscal deficit: Case of Maharashtra. Economic and Political Weekly, 39(28), 3113-3119.
- Arif, A., & Arif, U. (2023). Institutional Approach to the Budget Deficit: An Empirical Analysis. SAGE Open, 13(2), 215824402311712. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231171297
- Awan, H. S., Samad, G., & Faraz, N. (2019). Electricity subsidies and welfare analysis in Pakistan (PIDE Research Brief No. 03:2019). Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
- Bacon, R., Ley, E., & Kojima, M. (2010). Subsidies in the energy sector: An overview (Background paper for the World Bank Group Energy Sector Strategy). World Bank.
- Baum, A., Medas, P. A., Sy, M., & Soler, A. (2020). Managing fiscal risks from State-Owned Enterprises.IMF Working Paper, WP/20/213.
- Borensztein, E., De Gregorio, J., & Lee, J. (1998). How does foreign direct investment affect economic growth? Journal of International Economics, 45(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(97)00033-0
- Ebinger, J. O. (2006). Measuring financial performance in infrastructure: An application to Europe and Central Asia. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3992. https://hdl.handle.net/10986/9295
- Freinkman, L. M., Gyulumyan, G., & Kyurumyan, A. (2003). Quasi-fiscal activities, hidden government subsidies, and fiscal adjustment in Armenia (World Bank Working Paper No. 03/06).
- Jha, S., Quising, P., & Camingue, S. F. (2009). Macroeconomic uncertainties, oil subsidies, and fiscal sustainability in Asia. Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series, (150), 1655- 5252.
- Kasongo, A. (2023). The Determinants of Fiscal Deficit in South Africa: A Bayesian Vector Autoregressive approach. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 13(4), 30–36. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.14433
- Kharas, H., & Mishra, D. (2001). Fiscal policy, hidden deficits, and currency crises. In World Bank Economists’ Forum, 1, 31-48. https://www.ppiaf.org/sites/default/files/documents/2001-01/FiscalPolicyHiddenDeficitsCurrencyCrisesWB.pdf
- Kojima, M., Bacon, R., & Trimble, C. (2014). Political economy of power sector subsidies: a review with reference to Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Paper 89547.
- Kwakwa, P. A., & Alhassan, H. (2017). Determinants of hydropower generation in Ethiopia. UDS International Journal of Development, 4(2),107-123. https://doi.org/10.47740/196.UDSIJD6i
- Laurenceson, J., & Chai, J. C. (2003). Financial Reform and Economic Development in China. James Laurenceson, Joseph C. H. Chai. The China Journal, 51, 164–165. https://doi.org/10.2307/3182162
- Masheed, Q., Hassanzai, S. H., Ullah, A., & Rehman, Z. U. (2024). The impact of fiscal deficit on economic growth: empirical evidence from Pakistan and Afghanistan. Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ), 8(1), 22–47. https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/8.1.2
- Mawejje, J., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2020). The determinants of fiscal deficits: a survey of literature. International Review of Economics, 67(3), 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-020-00348-8
- Mawejje, J., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2022). Macroeconomic determinants of fiscal policy in East Africa: a panel causality analysis. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 27(53), 105-123.
- Pesaran, M. H., & Pesaran, B. (1997). Working with Microfit 4.0: interactive econometric analysis. Oxford University Press.
- Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
- Petri, M., Taube, G., & Tsyvinski, A. (2002). Energy Sector Quasi-Fiscal Activities in the Countries of the Former Soviet Union. IMF Working Paper.
- Saavalainen, T., & Ten Berge, J. (2006). Quasi-fiscal deficits and energy conditionality in selected CIS countries. IMF Working Paper WP/06/43. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/wp0643.pdf
- Suleiman, A. (2005). The impact of investment and financial intermediation on economic growth: New evidence from Jordan. Abstract mimeo.
- Tiwari, A. K., & Shahbaz, M. (2013). Modelling the Relationship between Whole Sale Price and Consumer Price Indices: Cointegration and Causality Analysis for India. Global Business Review, 14(3), 397–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150913496784
- Trimble, C., Yoshida, N., & Saqib, M. (2011). Rethinking electricity tariffs and subsidies in Pakistan. The World Bank.
- Venkatraja, B. (2016). Impact of central explicit subsidies on fiscal deficit in India: An empirical study. International Review of Research in Emerging Markets & the Global Economy, 2(4), 1-12.
- Walker, T. F., Canpolat, E., Khan, F. K., & Kryeziu, A. (2016). Residential electricity subsidies in Pakistan: Targeting, welfare impacts, and options for reform. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (7912).
- Yusoff, N. Y. B. M., & Bekhet, H. A. (2017). The Fiscal and Macroeconomic Impacts of Reforming Energy Subsidy Policy in Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 11(4), 949-955.
Cite this article
-
APA : Khan, S., Wahid, F., & Ahmed, T. (2024). Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Quasi-Fiscal Activities in Pakistan's Electricity Sector on the Fiscal Deficit. Global Social Sciences Review, IX(IV), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2024(IX-IV).03
-
CHICAGO : Khan, Sabeel, Fazale Wahid, and Tanweer Ahmed. 2024. "Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Quasi-Fiscal Activities in Pakistan's Electricity Sector on the Fiscal Deficit." Global Social Sciences Review, IX (IV): 20-32 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2024(IX-IV).03
-
HARVARD : KHAN, S., WAHID, F. & AHMED, T. 2024. Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Quasi-Fiscal Activities in Pakistan's Electricity Sector on the Fiscal Deficit. Global Social Sciences Review, IX, 20-32.
-
MHRA : Khan, Sabeel, Fazale Wahid, and Tanweer Ahmed. 2024. "Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Quasi-Fiscal Activities in Pakistan's Electricity Sector on the Fiscal Deficit." Global Social Sciences Review, IX: 20-32
-
MLA : Khan, Sabeel, Fazale Wahid, and Tanweer Ahmed. "Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Quasi-Fiscal Activities in Pakistan's Electricity Sector on the Fiscal Deficit." Global Social Sciences Review, IX.IV (2024): 20-32 Print.
-
OXFORD : Khan, Sabeel, Wahid, Fazale, and Ahmed, Tanweer (2024), "Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Quasi-Fiscal Activities in Pakistan's Electricity Sector on the Fiscal Deficit", Global Social Sciences Review, IX (IV), 20-32
-
TURABIAN : Khan, Sabeel, Fazale Wahid, and Tanweer Ahmed. "Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Quasi-Fiscal Activities in Pakistan's Electricity Sector on the Fiscal Deficit." Global Social Sciences Review IX, no. IV (2024): 20-32. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2024(IX-IV).03