INVESTIGATING THE SPATIOTEMPORAL CHANGES IN OPEN SPACES IN MAJOR CITIES OF PAKISTAN

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(V-I).61      10.31703/gssr.2020(V-I).61      Published : Mar 1
Authored by : Beenish Javaid , Abdul Waheed , Zafar IqbalZafar

61 Pages : 609-622

References

  • Ahmad, F. (2012). Detection of change in vegetation cover using multi-spectral and multi-temporal information for district Sargodha, Pakistan. Sociedade & Natureza. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1982-45132012000300014
  • Alberti, M. (2008a). Advances in urban ecology: Integrating humans and ecological processes in urban eco-systems. In Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75510-6
  • Alberti, M. (2008b). Urban Patterns and Ecosystem Function. In Advances in Urban Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75510-6_3
  • Attwell, K. (2000). Urban land resources and urban planting - Case studies from Denmark. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00129-8
  • Bao, T., Li, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., & Tian, S. (2016). Assessing the Distribution of Urban Green Spaces and its Anisotropic Cooling Distance on Urban Heat Island Pattern in Baotou, China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5020012
  • Barrico, L., Azul, A. M., Morais, M. C., Pereira Coutinho, A., Freitas, H., & Castro, P. (2012). Biodiversity in urban eco-systems: Plants and macromycetes as indicators for conservation planning in the city of Coimbra (Portugal). Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.02.011
  • Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. In Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006
  • Braubach, M., Egorov, A., Mudu, P., Wolf, T., Ward Thompson, C., & Martuzzi, M. (2017). Effects of Urban Green Space on Environmental Health, Equity and Resilience. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_11
  • Chiesura, A. (2004). The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(1), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003
  • Chiquet, C., Dover, J. W., & Mitchell, P. (2013). Birds and the urban environment: The value of green walls. Urban Ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-012-0277-9
  • Cieszewska, A. (2000). Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2046(00)00074-8
  • Cohen, P., Potchter, O., & Schnell, I. (2014). The impact of an urban park on air pollution and noise levels in the Mediterranean city of Tel-Aviv, Israel. Environmental Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.015
  • Conine, A., Xiang, W. N., Young, J., & Whitley, D. (2004). Planning for multi-purpose greenways in Concord, North Carolina. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169- 2046(03)00159-2
  • Daniel, T. C., Muhar, A., Arnberger, A., Aznar, O., Boyd, J. W., Chan, K. M. A., Costanza, R., Elmqvist, T., Flint, C. G., Gobster, P. H., Grêt-Regamey, A., Lave, R., Muhar, S., Penker, M., Ribe, R. G., Schauppenlehner, T., Sikor, T., Soloviy, I., Spierenburg, M., … Von Der Dunk, A. (2012). Contributions of cultural services to the eco-system services agenda. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114773109
  • Farkhunda, B., Muhammad, A., Syed Nawaz-ul, H., & Salma, H. (2007). Open Green Spaces - Asset or Liability-Case Study of North Nazimabad Town-Karachi. Karachi University Journal of Sciences, 35, 23-30.
  • Farkhunda, B., Syed Nawaz-ul, H., Muhammad, A., Salma, H., & Qamar ul, H. (2009). Classification and Standardization of Parks North Nazimabad Town- Karachi, Pakistan. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(2), 853-865.
  • Geoghegan, J., Wainger, L. A., & Bockstael, N. E. (1997). Spatial landscape indices in a hedonic framework: An ecological economics analysis using GIS. Ecological Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00583-1
  • Gobster, P. H., & Westphal, L. M. (2004). The human dimensions of urban greenways: Planning for recreation and related experiences. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00162-2
  • Greco, S. E., & Larsen, E. W. (2014). Ecological design of multi-functional open channels for flood control and conservation planning. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.07.002
  • Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., & Briggs, J. M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities. In Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150195
  • Hailemariam, S. N., Soromessa, T., & Teketay, D. (2016). Land use and land cover change in the bale mountain eco-region of Ethiopia during 1985 to 2015. Land. https://doi.org/10.3390/land5040041
  • Hassan, Z., Shabbir, R., Ahmad, S. S., Malik, A. H., Aziz, N., Butt, A., & Erum, S. (2016). Dynamics of land use and land cover change (LULCC) using geospatial techniques: a case study of Islamabad Pakistan. SpringerPlus. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2414-z
  • Hogrewe, W., Joyce, S., & Perez, E. (1993). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2414-z
  • Hussain, A. M. T., & Tschirhart, J. (2013). Economic/ecological tradeoffs among eco-system services and biodiversity conservation. Ecological Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.013
  • Jim, C. Y., & Chen, W. Y. (2008). Assessing the eco-system service of air pollutant removal by urban trees in Guangzhou (China). Journal of Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.035
  • Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: a psychological perspective. The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053- 199111000-00012
  • Kong, F., & Nakagoshi, N. (2006). Spatial-temporal gradient analysis of urban green spaces in Jinan, China. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.07.006
  • Koohsari, M. J., Mavoa, S., Villianueva, K., Sugiyama, T., Badland, H., Kaczynski, A. T., Owen, N., & Giles-Corti, B. (2015). Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: Concepts, methods and research agenda. Health and Place, 33, 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.02.009
  • Li, F., Zhang, F., Li, X., Wang, P., Liang, J., Mei, Y., Cheng, W., & Qian, Y. (2017). Spatiotemporal patterns of the use of urban green spaces and external factors contributing to their use in central beijing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030237
  • Madureira, H., Nunes, F., Oliveira, J. V., Cormier, L., & Madureira, T. (2015). Urban residents' beliefs concerning green space benefits in four cities in France and Portugal. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.11.008
  • Miller, R. W. (1996). Urban forestry: planning and managing urban greenspaces. In Urban forestry: planning and managing urban greenspaces.
  • Molla, Mikias, B., Ikporukpo, & Olatubara. (2018). The Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Urban Green Spaces in Southern Ethiopia. American Journal of Geographic Information System, 7(1), 1- 14.
  • Morancho, A. B. (2003). A hedonic valuation of urban green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00093-8
  • Naeem, S., Cao, C., Qazi, W. A., Zamani, M., Wei, C., Acharya, B. K., & Rehman, A. U. (2018). Studying the association between green space characteristics and land surface temperature for sustainable urban environments: An analysis of Beijing and Islamabad. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7020038
  • Nations United. (2004). World Urbanization Prospects. The 2003 Revision Data Tables and Highlights. In World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision.
  • Nisbet, E. K., & Zelenski, J. M. (2011). Underestimating nearby nature: Affective forecasting errors obscure the happy path to sustainability. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611418527
  • Omar, R. (2013). Urban Change Detection of Lahore (Pakistan) Using A Time Series of Satellite Images Since 1972. Asian Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences, 2(4), 101-105.
  • Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement survey. In Government of Pakistan Statistics Division.
  • Parrish, D. D., & Zhu, T. (2009). Clean Air for Megacities. In Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176064
  • Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L., Grove, J. M., Boone, C. G., Groffman, P. M., Irwin, E., Kaushal, S. S., Marshall, V., McGrath, B. P., Nilon, C. H., Pouyat, R. V., Szlavecz, K., Troy, A., & Warren, P. (2011). Urban ecological systems: Scientific foundations and a decade of progress. In Journal of Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.022
  • Raziq, A., Xu, A., & Li, Y. (2016). Monitoring of Land Use/Land Cover Changes and Urban Sprawl in Peshawar City in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: An Application of Geo- Information Techniques Using of Multi-Temporal Satellite Data. Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS. https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-4134.1000174
  • Shirazi, A. S. (2012). Temporal Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Lahore-Pakistan. Pakistan Vision.
  • Shirazi, S. A., & Kazmi, J. H. (2016). Analysis of socio-environmental impacts of the loss of urban trees and vegetation in Lahore, Pakistan: a review of public perception. In Ecological Processes. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-016-0050-8
  • Tan, Z., Lau, K. K. L., & Ng, E. (2016). Urban tree design approaches for mitigating daytime urban heat island effects in a high-density urban environment. Energy and Buildings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.031
  • Teferi, E., Bewket, W., Uhlenbrook, S., & Wenninger, J. (2013). Understanding recent land use and land cover dynamics in the source region of the Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia: Spatially explicit statistical modeling of systematic transitions. Agriculture, Eco-systems and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.11.007
  • United Nations. (2019). World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision, Highlights, Departement of Economic and Social Affairs. In New York, United
  • Verlič, A., Arnberger, A., Japelj, A., Simončič, P., & Pirnat, J. (2015). Perceptions of recreational trail impacts on an urban forest walk: A controlled field experiment. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.12.004
  • WHO. (1999). Towards a new planning process: A guide to reorienting urban planning towards Local Agenda 21. In European Sustainable Development and Health Series 3.
  • Wickramasinghe, L. S., Subasinghe, S. M. C. U. P., & Ranwala, S. M. W. (2016). Spatial and temporal changes of the green cover of Colombo city in Sri Lanka from 1956 to 2010. Journal of Environmental Professionals Sri Lanka. https://doi.org/10.4038/jepsl.v5i1.7868
  • Zaman, K.U., & Baloch, A. A. (2011). Urbanization of Arable Land in Lahore City in Pakistan: A Case-Study. Canadian Social Science.
  • Zhou, X., & Wang, Y. C. (2011). Spatial-temporal dynamics of urban green space in response to rapid urbanization and greening policies. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.12.013

References

  • Ahmad, F. (2012). Detection of change in vegetation cover using multi-spectral and multi-temporal information for district Sargodha, Pakistan. Sociedade & Natureza. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1982-45132012000300014
  • Alberti, M. (2008a). Advances in urban ecology: Integrating humans and ecological processes in urban eco-systems. In Advances in Urban Ecology: Integrating Humans and Ecological Processes in Urban Ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75510-6
  • Alberti, M. (2008b). Urban Patterns and Ecosystem Function. In Advances in Urban Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-75510-6_3
  • Attwell, K. (2000). Urban land resources and urban planting - Case studies from Denmark. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00129-8
  • Bao, T., Li, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., & Tian, S. (2016). Assessing the Distribution of Urban Green Spaces and its Anisotropic Cooling Distance on Urban Heat Island Pattern in Baotou, China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5020012
  • Barrico, L., Azul, A. M., Morais, M. C., Pereira Coutinho, A., Freitas, H., & Castro, P. (2012). Biodiversity in urban eco-systems: Plants and macromycetes as indicators for conservation planning in the city of Coimbra (Portugal). Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.02.011
  • Bowler, D. E., Buyung-Ali, L., Knight, T. M., & Pullin, A. S. (2010). Urban greening to cool towns and cities: A systematic review of the empirical evidence. In Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.006
  • Braubach, M., Egorov, A., Mudu, P., Wolf, T., Ward Thompson, C., & Martuzzi, M. (2017). Effects of Urban Green Space on Environmental Health, Equity and Resilience. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_11
  • Chiesura, A. (2004). The role of urban parks for the sustainable city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(1), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.08.003
  • Chiquet, C., Dover, J. W., & Mitchell, P. (2013). Birds and the urban environment: The value of green walls. Urban Ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-012-0277-9
  • Cieszewska, A. (2000). Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2046(00)00074-8
  • Cohen, P., Potchter, O., & Schnell, I. (2014). The impact of an urban park on air pollution and noise levels in the Mediterranean city of Tel-Aviv, Israel. Environmental Pollution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.015
  • Conine, A., Xiang, W. N., Young, J., & Whitley, D. (2004). Planning for multi-purpose greenways in Concord, North Carolina. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169- 2046(03)00159-2
  • Daniel, T. C., Muhar, A., Arnberger, A., Aznar, O., Boyd, J. W., Chan, K. M. A., Costanza, R., Elmqvist, T., Flint, C. G., Gobster, P. H., Grêt-Regamey, A., Lave, R., Muhar, S., Penker, M., Ribe, R. G., Schauppenlehner, T., Sikor, T., Soloviy, I., Spierenburg, M., … Von Der Dunk, A. (2012). Contributions of cultural services to the eco-system services agenda. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114773109
  • Farkhunda, B., Muhammad, A., Syed Nawaz-ul, H., & Salma, H. (2007). Open Green Spaces - Asset or Liability-Case Study of North Nazimabad Town-Karachi. Karachi University Journal of Sciences, 35, 23-30.
  • Farkhunda, B., Syed Nawaz-ul, H., Muhammad, A., Salma, H., & Qamar ul, H. (2009). Classification and Standardization of Parks North Nazimabad Town- Karachi, Pakistan. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 3(2), 853-865.
  • Geoghegan, J., Wainger, L. A., & Bockstael, N. E. (1997). Spatial landscape indices in a hedonic framework: An ecological economics analysis using GIS. Ecological Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00583-1
  • Gobster, P. H., & Westphal, L. M. (2004). The human dimensions of urban greenways: Planning for recreation and related experiences. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00162-2
  • Greco, S. E., & Larsen, E. W. (2014). Ecological design of multi-functional open channels for flood control and conservation planning. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.07.002
  • Grimm, N. B., Faeth, S. H., Golubiewski, N. E., Redman, C. L., Wu, J., Bai, X., & Briggs, J. M. (2008). Global change and the ecology of cities. In Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1150195
  • Hailemariam, S. N., Soromessa, T., & Teketay, D. (2016). Land use and land cover change in the bale mountain eco-region of Ethiopia during 1985 to 2015. Land. https://doi.org/10.3390/land5040041
  • Hassan, Z., Shabbir, R., Ahmad, S. S., Malik, A. H., Aziz, N., Butt, A., & Erum, S. (2016). Dynamics of land use and land cover change (LULCC) using geospatial techniques: a case study of Islamabad Pakistan. SpringerPlus. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2414-z
  • Hogrewe, W., Joyce, S., & Perez, E. (1993). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2414-z
  • Hussain, A. M. T., & Tschirhart, J. (2013). Economic/ecological tradeoffs among eco-system services and biodiversity conservation. Ecological Economics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.013
  • Jim, C. Y., & Chen, W. Y. (2008). Assessing the eco-system service of air pollutant removal by urban trees in Guangzhou (China). Journal of Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.035
  • Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The experience of nature: a psychological perspective. The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053- 199111000-00012
  • Kong, F., & Nakagoshi, N. (2006). Spatial-temporal gradient analysis of urban green spaces in Jinan, China. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.07.006
  • Koohsari, M. J., Mavoa, S., Villianueva, K., Sugiyama, T., Badland, H., Kaczynski, A. T., Owen, N., & Giles-Corti, B. (2015). Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: Concepts, methods and research agenda. Health and Place, 33, 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.02.009
  • Li, F., Zhang, F., Li, X., Wang, P., Liang, J., Mei, Y., Cheng, W., & Qian, Y. (2017). Spatiotemporal patterns of the use of urban green spaces and external factors contributing to their use in central beijing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030237
  • Madureira, H., Nunes, F., Oliveira, J. V., Cormier, L., & Madureira, T. (2015). Urban residents' beliefs concerning green space benefits in four cities in France and Portugal. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.11.008
  • Miller, R. W. (1996). Urban forestry: planning and managing urban greenspaces. In Urban forestry: planning and managing urban greenspaces.
  • Molla, Mikias, B., Ikporukpo, & Olatubara. (2018). The Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Urban Green Spaces in Southern Ethiopia. American Journal of Geographic Information System, 7(1), 1- 14.
  • Morancho, A. B. (2003). A hedonic valuation of urban green areas. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00093-8
  • Naeem, S., Cao, C., Qazi, W. A., Zamani, M., Wei, C., Acharya, B. K., & Rehman, A. U. (2018). Studying the association between green space characteristics and land surface temperature for sustainable urban environments: An analysis of Beijing and Islamabad. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7020038
  • Nations United. (2004). World Urbanization Prospects. The 2003 Revision Data Tables and Highlights. In World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision.
  • Nisbet, E. K., & Zelenski, J. M. (2011). Underestimating nearby nature: Affective forecasting errors obscure the happy path to sustainability. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611418527
  • Omar, R. (2013). Urban Change Detection of Lahore (Pakistan) Using A Time Series of Satellite Images Since 1972. Asian Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences, 2(4), 101-105.
  • Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement survey. In Government of Pakistan Statistics Division.
  • Parrish, D. D., & Zhu, T. (2009). Clean Air for Megacities. In Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176064
  • Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L., Grove, J. M., Boone, C. G., Groffman, P. M., Irwin, E., Kaushal, S. S., Marshall, V., McGrath, B. P., Nilon, C. H., Pouyat, R. V., Szlavecz, K., Troy, A., & Warren, P. (2011). Urban ecological systems: Scientific foundations and a decade of progress. In Journal of Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.022
  • Raziq, A., Xu, A., & Li, Y. (2016). Monitoring of Land Use/Land Cover Changes and Urban Sprawl in Peshawar City in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: An Application of Geo- Information Techniques Using of Multi-Temporal Satellite Data. Journal of Remote Sensing & GIS. https://doi.org/10.4172/2469-4134.1000174
  • Shirazi, A. S. (2012). Temporal Analysis of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Lahore-Pakistan. Pakistan Vision.
  • Shirazi, S. A., & Kazmi, J. H. (2016). Analysis of socio-environmental impacts of the loss of urban trees and vegetation in Lahore, Pakistan: a review of public perception. In Ecological Processes. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-016-0050-8
  • Tan, Z., Lau, K. K. L., & Ng, E. (2016). Urban tree design approaches for mitigating daytime urban heat island effects in a high-density urban environment. Energy and Buildings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.031
  • Teferi, E., Bewket, W., Uhlenbrook, S., & Wenninger, J. (2013). Understanding recent land use and land cover dynamics in the source region of the Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia: Spatially explicit statistical modeling of systematic transitions. Agriculture, Eco-systems and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.11.007
  • United Nations. (2019). World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision, Highlights, Departement of Economic and Social Affairs. In New York, United
  • Verlič, A., Arnberger, A., Japelj, A., Simončič, P., & Pirnat, J. (2015). Perceptions of recreational trail impacts on an urban forest walk: A controlled field experiment. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.12.004
  • WHO. (1999). Towards a new planning process: A guide to reorienting urban planning towards Local Agenda 21. In European Sustainable Development and Health Series 3.
  • Wickramasinghe, L. S., Subasinghe, S. M. C. U. P., & Ranwala, S. M. W. (2016). Spatial and temporal changes of the green cover of Colombo city in Sri Lanka from 1956 to 2010. Journal of Environmental Professionals Sri Lanka. https://doi.org/10.4038/jepsl.v5i1.7868
  • Zaman, K.U., & Baloch, A. A. (2011). Urbanization of Arable Land in Lahore City in Pakistan: A Case-Study. Canadian Social Science.
  • Zhou, X., & Wang, Y. C. (2011). Spatial-temporal dynamics of urban green space in response to rapid urbanization and greening policies. Landscape and Urban Planning. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.12.013

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Javaid, B., Waheed, A., & Zafar, Z. I. (2020). Investigating the Spatio-Temporal Changes in Open Spaces in Major Cities of Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, V(I), 609-622. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(V-I).61

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Javaid, Beenish, Abdul Waheed, and Zafar Iqbal Zafar. 2020. "Investigating the Spatio-Temporal Changes in Open Spaces in Major Cities of Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review, V (I): 609-622 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2020(V-I).61

HARVARD

    HARVARD : JAVAID, B., WAHEED, A. & ZAFAR, Z. I. 2020. Investigating the Spatio-Temporal Changes in Open Spaces in Major Cities of Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, V, 609-622.

MHRA

    MHRA : Javaid, Beenish, Abdul Waheed, and Zafar Iqbal Zafar. 2020. "Investigating the Spatio-Temporal Changes in Open Spaces in Major Cities of Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review, V: 609-622

MLA

    MLA : Javaid, Beenish, Abdul Waheed, and Zafar Iqbal Zafar. "Investigating the Spatio-Temporal Changes in Open Spaces in Major Cities of Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review, V.I (2020): 609-622 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Javaid, Beenish, Waheed, Abdul, and Zafar, Zafar Iqbal (2020), "Investigating the Spatio-Temporal Changes in Open Spaces in Major Cities of Pakistan", Global Social Sciences Review, V (I), 609-622

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Javaid, Beenish, Abdul Waheed, and Zafar Iqbal Zafar. "Investigating the Spatio-Temporal Changes in Open Spaces in Major Cities of Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review V, no. I (2020): 609-622. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2020(V-I).61