Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy
Political knowledge influences political behavior and political participation as the person who has sufficient political knowledge will contribute his part in political issues and get engage himself in political campaigns. Hence, a politically informed person put an impact upon others by sharing his views and information. Now a day social media has revolutionized the world due to its unlimited features, and it made it easier for everyone to spread the news and especially the political content. Different political parties use social media platforms to engage their voters and especially youth. This study suggests that social media plays a critical role for youngsters to disseminate information regarding politics and affects the internal and external efficacy of youth by the transmission of knowledge and political participation through social media.
-
Political Participation, Social Media Usage, Internal Efficacy, External Efficacy
-
(1) Hannan Khan Tareen
PhD Scholar/ Associate Lecturer, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Malik Adnan
Assistant Professor, Department of Media Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
- Ahmad, T., Alvi, A., & Ittefaq, M. (2019). The use of social media on political participation among university students: An analysis of survey results from rural Pakistan. Sage Open, 9(3), 2158244019864484.
- Ali, R., & Katz, I. R. (2010). Information and Communication Technology Literacy: What do businesses expect and what do business schools teach? ETS Research Report Series, 2010(2), i-20.
- Bakker, T. P., & De Vreese, C. H. (2011). Good news for the future? Young people, Internet use, and political participation. Communication research, 38(4), 451-470.
- Bargh, J. (1994). The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition. In: Wyer Jr, R., Srul, T. (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc: pp. 1-40
- Bargh, J. (1997). The automaticity of everyday life. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), The automaticity of everyday life: Advances in social cognition (pp. 1- 61). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Baumgartner, J., & Morris, J. (2014). Stoned Slackers or Super Citizens?
- Boulianne, S. (2009). Does Internet use affect engagement? A meta-analysis of research. Political communication, 26(2), 193-211
- Campbell, A. L., Wong, C., & Citrin, J. (2006).
- Campbell, A., Gurin, G., & Miller, W. (1954). The voter decides. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
- Caprara, G.V., Vecchione, M., Capanna, C., & Mebane, M. (2009): Perceived political self- efficacy: Theory, assessment, and applications. European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 1002-1020.
- Centola, D. (2010). The spread of behavior in an online social network experiment. Science, 329, 1194-1197.
- Condonm, M., & Holleque, M. (2013). Entering politics: General self effication and voting behaviour among young people. Political Psychology, 112-125
- Conroy, D. G., Corlett, B., Lindahl, A., Schell, S., & Warren, N. D. (2011). U.S. Patent No. 8,041,848. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
- Dickey, I. J., & Lewis, W. F. (2010). Social media perceptions and usage by Generation Y and relevant marketing implications. Advances in Marketing: Going Green-Best Marketing Practices for a Global World.
- Dimitrova, D. V., & Bystrom, D. (2013). The effects of social media on political participation and candidate image evaluations in the 2012 Iowa caucuses. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(11), 1568-1583.
- Eijaz, A. (2013). Impact of New Media on Dynamics of Pakistan Politics. Journal of Political Studies, 20(1).
- Enikolopov, R., Petrova, M., & Sonin, K. (2018). Social media and corruption. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 10(1), 150-74.
- Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1981). Attitudes and voting behaviour: An application of the Theory of Reasoned Action. In G. M. Stephenson & J. H. Davis (Eds.), Progress in applied social psychology 1, pp. 253-313). Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons
- Flew, T. (2002). Educational media in transition: Broadcasting, digital media and lifelong learning in the knowledge economy. International Journal of Instructional Media, 29(1), 47.
- Gil De Zúñiga, H., Diehl, T., & Ardévol-Abreu, A. (2017). Internal, External, and Government Political Efficacy: Effects on News Use, Discussion, and Political Participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(3), 574-596. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2017. 1344672
- Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals' social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of computer- mediated communication, 17(3), 319- 336.
- Hodge, A., & Rosenblatt, M. (2010). U.S. Patent Application No. 12/242,251.
- Hodge, N. (2010). Inside Moldova's Twitter Revolution', Wired, 8 April.
- Ikeda, K. I., & Richey, S. E. (2005). Japanese network capital: The impact of social networks on Japanese political participation. Political behavior, 27(3), 239-260.
- Ittefaq, M., & Iqbal, A. (2018). Digitization of the health sector in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities to online health communication: A case study of MARHAM social and mobile media. Digital health, 4, 2055207618789281.
- Khan, M. A., & Shahbaz, M. Y. (2015). Role of social networking media in political socialization of youth of Multan. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 35(1), 437-449
- Kim, S. H. (2008). Testing the knowledge gap hypothesis in South Korea: Traditional news media, the internet, and political learning. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(2), 193- 210.
- Kugelman, M. (2012). Social media in Pakistan: Catalyst for communication not change. NOREF Report. http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezfl ow_site/storage/original/applicatio n/70df3ab24b007358a91879dfd3354e9 6.pdf
- Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students' use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 election. Mass Communication and Society, 13(5), 608-630
- Kwon, S. J., Park, E., & Kim, K. J. (2014). What drives successful social networking services? A comparative analysis of user acceptance of Facebook and Twitter. The Social Science Journal, 51, 534-544.
- Lee, K. M. (2006). Effects of Internet use on college students' political efficacy. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9(4), 415-422.
- Liu, B. (2017). Social media use and political participation in China: The mediating role of political efficacy. University of South Florida.
- McLeod, J. M., Guo, Z., Daily, K., Steele, C. A., Huang, H., Horowitz, E., et al. (1996). The impact of traditional and nontraditional media forms in the 1992 presidential election. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73, 401-416.
- Michaelsen, M. (2011). New media vs. old politics. The Internet, social media, and Democratisation in Pakistan. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
- Montero, J. R., et.al. (2007).
- Morrell, M. E. (2003). Survey and experimental evidence for a reliable and valid measure of internal political efficacy. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(4), 589-602.
- Mutz, D. C. (2006). Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
- Newhagen, J. E. (1994). Self-efficacy and call-in political television show use. Communication Research, 21(3), 366- 379.
- Niemi, R. G., Craig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study. The American Political Science Review, 1407-1413.
- Nový, M., & Katrňák, T. (2015). Democratic maturity, external efficacy, and participation in elections: towards macro-micro interaction. Home, 44(3), 1-20.
- O'Keeffe, G. S., & Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and families. Pediatrics, 127(4), 800-804.
- Reichert, F. (2016). How internal political efficacy translates political knowledge into political participation: Evidence from Germany. Europe's journal of psychology, 12(2), 221.
- Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012). Psychological correlates of university students' academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 353-387.
- Rosenthal, S., Feiring, C., & Lewis, M. (1998). Political volunteering from late adolescence to young adulthood: Patterns and predictors. Journal of Social Issues, 54(3), 477-493.
- Schulz, W. (2005). Political Efficacy and Expected Political Participation among Lower and Upper Secondary Students. A Comparative Analysis with Data from the IEA Civic Education Study. Online Submission.
- Sheerin, C. A. (2007). Political efficacy and youth non-voting: A qualitative investigation into the attitudes and experiences of young voters and non- voters in New Zealand.
- Shirky, C. (2011). The political power of social media: Technology, the public sphere, and political change. Foreign affairs, 28-41.
- Sullivan, J. L., & Riedel, E. (2001). Efficacy: Political.
- Tareen, H. K., Nazmine, & Tareen, M. K. (2020). Investigating the Priorities of Youth for the Selection of Media for News Consumption. Global Mass Communication Studies Review, VI(I), 161-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gmcr.2021( VI-I).13
- Teixeira, R. A. (1992). The disappearing American voter. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
- Teresi, H., & Michelson, M. R. (2015). Wired to mobilize: The effect of social networking messages on voter turnout. The Social Science Journal, 52(2), 195-204.
- Tufail, S., Baneen, U., Akram, B., & Sajid, R. (2015). Impact of Social Media on Political Efficacy and Vote Intention: A Case of Educated Youth. Journal of Independent Studies & Research: Management & Social Sciences & Economics, 13(1).
- Vecchione, M., & Caprara, G.V. (2009). Personality determinants of political participation: The contribution of traits and self-efficacy beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 487- 492.
- Wattenberg, M. (2002). Where have all the voters gone?. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Xie, G., & Xu, Y. (2011). The history, current state, and future trend of Weibo. Modern Communication (China), 4, 75-80.
- Zhang, W., Johnson, T. J., Seltzer, T., & Bichard, S. L. (2010). The revolution will be networked: The influence of social networking sites on political attitudes and behavior. Social Science Computer Review, 28(1), 75-92.
- Zhang, X., & Lin, W. Y. (2014). Political participation in an unlikely place: How individuals engage in politics through social networking sites in China. International Journal of Communication, 8, 22.
- Zhuravskaya, E., Petrova, M., & Enikolopov, R. (2019). Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media. SSRN Electronic Journal. Published. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3439957
Cite this article
-
APA : Tareen, H. K., & Adnan, M. (2021). Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy. Global Social Sciences Review, VI(II), 130-138. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-II).14
-
CHICAGO : Tareen, Hannan Khan, and Malik Adnan. 2021. "Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy." Global Social Sciences Review, VI (II): 130-138 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-II).14
-
HARVARD : TAREEN, H. K. & ADNAN, M. 2021. Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy. Global Social Sciences Review, VI, 130-138.
-
MHRA : Tareen, Hannan Khan, and Malik Adnan. 2021. "Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy." Global Social Sciences Review, VI: 130-138
-
MLA : Tareen, Hannan Khan, and Malik Adnan. "Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy." Global Social Sciences Review, VI.II (2021): 130-138 Print.
-
OXFORD : Tareen, Hannan Khan and Adnan, Malik (2021), "Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy", Global Social Sciences Review, VI (II), 130-138
-
TURABIAN : Tareen, Hannan Khan, and Malik Adnan. "Political Communication With Social Media In Pakistan: Internal And External Efficacy." Global Social Sciences Review VI, no. II (2021): 130-138. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-II).14