RISK MANAGING TECHNIQUE IN PAKISTAN INDUSTRY A CASE FROM PAKISTAN

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2022(VII-II).45      10.31703/gssr.2022(VII-II).45      Published : Jun 2
Authored by : Muhammad Mahmood Shah Khan , Sheikh Khurram Abid , Rubeena Tashfeen

45 Pages : 463-478

References

  • Abdullah, M., Shahimi, S., & Ghafar Ismail, A. (2011). Operational risk in Islamic banks: examination of issues. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 3(2), 131–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554171111155366
  • Abiola, I., & Olausi, A. S. (2014). The Impact of Credit Risk Management on the Commercial Banks Performance in Nigeria. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3(5), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.11/2014.3.5/ 11.5.295.306
  • Abraham, S., & Cox, P. (2007). Analysing the determinants of narrative risk information in UK FTSE 100 annual reports. The British Accounting Review, 39(3), 227–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2007.06.002
  • Abu Hussain, H., & Al‐Ajmi, J. (2012). Risk management practices of conventional and Islamic banks in Bahrain. The Journal of Risk Finance, 13(3), 215–239. https://doi.org/10.1108/15265941211229244
  • Ahmad, N. H., & Ahmad, S. N. (2004). Key Factors Influencing Credit Risk of Islamic Bank: A Malaysian Case. The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research, 1(1), 65-80. https://jmifr.usim.edu.my/index.php/jmifr/article/view/4
  • Ahmed, H., & Khan, T. (2007). 10 Risk management in Islamic banking. Handbook of Islamic banking, 144.
  • Ahmed, N., Ahmed, Z., & Usman, A. (2011). Determinants of performance: A case of life insurance sector of Pakistan. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 61(1), 123-128.
  • Ahmed, N., Akhtar, M. F., & Usman, M. (2011). Risk management practices and Islamic banks: An empirical investigation from Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(6), 50-57.
  • Ahmed, S. (2009). Risk Management in Islamic and Conventional Banks: A Differential Analysis. Journal of Independent Studies and Research-Management, Social Sciences andEconomics, 7(2), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.31384/jisrmsse/2010.07.2.5
  • Akhtar, M. F., Ali, K., & Sadaqat, S. (2011). Liquidity risk management: a comparative study between conventional and Islamic banks of Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(1), 35-44. http://www.iaif.ir/images/khareji/articles/bank/81.pdf
  • Alam, M. Z., & Musukujjaman, M. (1970). Risk Management Practices: A Critical Diagnosis of Some Selected Commercial Banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka), 6(1), 15–35. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbt.v6i1.9992
  • Al-Tamimi, H. A. H. (2002). Risk management practices: an empirical analysis of the UAE commercial banks. Finance India, 16(3), 1045-1057.
  • Anam, S., Hasan, S., & Huda, H. AE., Uddin, A., Hossain, MM 2012. Liquidity Risk Management: A Comparative Study between Conventional and Islamic Banks of Bangladesh. Research Journal Economics, Business, ICT, 5, 1-5.
  • Ariffin, N. M. (2005). Enhancing transparency and risk reporting in Islamic banks (Doctoral dissertation, School of Management, University of Surrey).
  • Ariffin, N. M. (2012). Liquidity risk management and financial performance in Malaysia: empirical evidence from Islamic banks. Aceh International Journal of Social Science, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.12345/aijss.1.2.1530
  • Arunkumar, R., & Kotreshwar, G. (2005). Risk management in commercial banks. In Paper submitted to Ninth Capital Market Conference, Indian Institute of Capital Market.
  • Asongu, S. A. (2013). Post‐crisis bank liquidity risk management disclosure. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 5(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554171311308968
  • Bain, K., & Howells, P. (1999). The Privatization of Monetary Policy. Money and Macroeconomic Policy, 1, 53.
  • Baumann, U., & Nier, E. (2003). Market discipline and financial stability: some empirical evidence. Financial Stability Review, 14, 134- 141.
  • Bell, E., & Bryman, A. (2007). The Ethics of Management Research: an Exploratory Content Analysis. British Journal of Management, 18(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00487.x
  • Ben Selma Mokni, R., Echchabi, A., Azouzi, D., & Rachdi, H. (2014). Risk management tools practiced in Islamic banks: evidence in MENA region. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 5(1), 77–97. https://doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-10-2012-0070
  • Beretta, S., & Bozzolan, S. (2004). A framework for the analysis of firm risk communication. The International Journal of Accounting, 39(3), 265–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2004.06.006
  • Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2003). Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide. Business Research Methods, 465-478.
  • Habib, A. (2015). A comparison of Financial Performance of banking Industry in Pakistan. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 13, 1-10.
  • Habib, S., Masood, H., Hassan, T., Mubin, M., & Baig, U. (2014). Operational risk management in corporate and banking sector of Pakistan.
  • Hakim, S., & Neaime, S. (2005). Profitability and Risk Management in Banking: A Comparative Analysis of Egypt and Lebanon. In Money and Finance in the Middle East: Missed Oportunities or Future Prospects? (pp. 117-131). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Haneef, S., Riaz, T., Ramzan, M., Rana, M. A., Hafiz, M. I., & Karim, Y. (2012). Impact of risk management on non-performing loans and profitability of banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(7), 307-315.
  • Hanim Tafri, F., Abdul Rahman, R., & Omar, N. (2011). Empirical evidence on the riskmanagement tools practised in Islamic and conventional banks. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 3(2), 86–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554171111155339
  • Hassan Al‐Tamimi, H. A. (2008). Implementing Basel II: an investigation of the UAE banks’ Basel II preparations. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 16(2), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1108/13581980810869814
  • Hassan Al-Tamimi, H. A., & Mohammed Al- Mazrooei, F. (2007). Banks' risk management: a comparison study of UAE national and foreign banks. The Journal of Risk Finance, 8(4), 394-409.
  • Hassan, A. (2009). Risk management practices of Islamic banks of Brunei Darussalam. The Journal of Risk Finance, 10(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1108/15265940910924472
  • Hassan, W. M. (2011). Risk management practices: a comparative analysis between Islamic banks and conventional banks in the Middle East. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(3), 288-295.
  • Hossain, M. (2008). The extent of disclosure in annual reports of banking companies: The case of India.
  • Hull, J. C. (2008). The credit crunch of 2007: What went wrong? Why? What lessons can be learned?.
  • Hussein, K. (2010). Bank-level stability factors and consumer confidence – A comparative study of Islamic and conventional banks’ product mix. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 15(3), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1057/fsm.2010.21
  • Iqbal, Z. (2007). Challenges facing Islamic financial industry. Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, 3(1), 1-14.
  • Jorion, P., & Khoury, S. J. (1995). Financial risk management: Domestic and international dimensions. Blackwell.
  • Kaplan, S., & Garrick, B. J. (1981). On The Quantitative Definition of Risk. Risk Analysis, 1(1), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539- 6924.1981.tb01350.x
  • Khalid, S., & Amjad, S. (2012). Risk management practices in Islamic banks of Pakistan. The Journal of Risk Finance, 13(2), 148–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/15265941211203198
  • Kille, K. J. (Ed.). (2007). The UN Secretary- General and moral authority: Ethics and religion in international leadership. Georgetown University Press.
  • Mishra, U., & Naidu, M. P. (2016). A Study on Credit Risk Management and Appraisal Process at Punjab National Bank, Nagpur. International Journal of Multifaceted and Multilingual Studies, 3(2), 1-9.
  • Moore, W. (2009). How do financial crises affect commercial bank liquidity? Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21473/
  • Mounira, B. A., & Anas, E. (2009). Managing Risks and Liquidity in an interest free banking Framework: The case of the Islamic banks. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(9). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v3n9p80
  • Rahman, M. L., & Banna, S. H. (2016). Liquidity Risk Management: A Comparative Study between Conventional and Islamic Banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka), 10(2), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbt.v10i2.29465
  • Richard, E., Chijoriga, M., Kaijage, E., Peterson, C., & Bohman, H. (2008). Credit risk management system of a commercial bank in Tanzania. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 3(3), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468800810883729
  • Rosman, R. (2009). Risk management practices and risk management processes of Islamic banks: a proposed framework. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5(1), 242-254.
  • Said, A. (2013). Evaluating the Overall Technical Efficiency of Islamic Banks operating in the MENA Region during the Financial Crisis. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 3(2), 426–434. https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/view/437
  • Sarif, S. M., Sarwar, A., & Ismail, Y. (2013). Practice of social entrepreneurship among the Muslim entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 14(11), 1463-1470. 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.14.11.2347
  • Saunders, M. L., & Lewis, P. (2009). P. and Thornhill, A.(2009). Research methods for business students, 4
  • Shafiq, A., & Nasr, M. (2010). Risk management practices followed by the commercial banks in Pakistan. International Review of Business Research Papers, 6(2), 308-325.
  • Sundararajan, V., & Errico, L. (2002). Islamic financial institutions and products in the global financial system: Key issues in risk management and challenges ahead (Vol. 2). International Monetary Fund.
  • Syafri Harahap, S. (2003). The disclosure of Islamic values – annual report. The analysis of Bank Muamalat Indonesia’s annual report. Managerial Finance, 29(7), 70–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074350310768355
  • Thakor, A. V. (1996). The design of financial systems: An overview. Journal of Banking & Finance, 20(5), 917–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(95)00033-x
  • Tohmatsu, D. T. (2005). The changing banking landscape in Asia Pacific. A report on bank consolidation.
  • Zadeh, F. O., & Eskandari, A. (2012). Firm Size As Company's Characteristic and Level of Risk Disclosure: Review on Theories and Literatures. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(17), 9-17.
  • Zainol, Z., & Kassim, S. (2010). An analysis of Islamic banks' exposure to rate of return risk. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 31(1), 59-84.
  • Zikmund, W. G. (2003). Sample designs and sampling procedures. Business research methods, 7, 368-400.

References

  • Abdullah, M., Shahimi, S., & Ghafar Ismail, A. (2011). Operational risk in Islamic banks: examination of issues. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 3(2), 131–151. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554171111155366
  • Abiola, I., & Olausi, A. S. (2014). The Impact of Credit Risk Management on the Commercial Banks Performance in Nigeria. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3(5), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.11/2014.3.5/ 11.5.295.306
  • Abraham, S., & Cox, P. (2007). Analysing the determinants of narrative risk information in UK FTSE 100 annual reports. The British Accounting Review, 39(3), 227–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2007.06.002
  • Abu Hussain, H., & Al‐Ajmi, J. (2012). Risk management practices of conventional and Islamic banks in Bahrain. The Journal of Risk Finance, 13(3), 215–239. https://doi.org/10.1108/15265941211229244
  • Ahmad, N. H., & Ahmad, S. N. (2004). Key Factors Influencing Credit Risk of Islamic Bank: A Malaysian Case. The Journal of Muamalat and Islamic Finance Research, 1(1), 65-80. https://jmifr.usim.edu.my/index.php/jmifr/article/view/4
  • Ahmed, H., & Khan, T. (2007). 10 Risk management in Islamic banking. Handbook of Islamic banking, 144.
  • Ahmed, N., Ahmed, Z., & Usman, A. (2011). Determinants of performance: A case of life insurance sector of Pakistan. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 61(1), 123-128.
  • Ahmed, N., Akhtar, M. F., & Usman, M. (2011). Risk management practices and Islamic banks: An empirical investigation from Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(6), 50-57.
  • Ahmed, S. (2009). Risk Management in Islamic and Conventional Banks: A Differential Analysis. Journal of Independent Studies and Research-Management, Social Sciences andEconomics, 7(2), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.31384/jisrmsse/2010.07.2.5
  • Akhtar, M. F., Ali, K., & Sadaqat, S. (2011). Liquidity risk management: a comparative study between conventional and Islamic banks of Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(1), 35-44. http://www.iaif.ir/images/khareji/articles/bank/81.pdf
  • Alam, M. Z., & Musukujjaman, M. (1970). Risk Management Practices: A Critical Diagnosis of Some Selected Commercial Banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka), 6(1), 15–35. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbt.v6i1.9992
  • Al-Tamimi, H. A. H. (2002). Risk management practices: an empirical analysis of the UAE commercial banks. Finance India, 16(3), 1045-1057.
  • Anam, S., Hasan, S., & Huda, H. AE., Uddin, A., Hossain, MM 2012. Liquidity Risk Management: A Comparative Study between Conventional and Islamic Banks of Bangladesh. Research Journal Economics, Business, ICT, 5, 1-5.
  • Ariffin, N. M. (2005). Enhancing transparency and risk reporting in Islamic banks (Doctoral dissertation, School of Management, University of Surrey).
  • Ariffin, N. M. (2012). Liquidity risk management and financial performance in Malaysia: empirical evidence from Islamic banks. Aceh International Journal of Social Science, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.12345/aijss.1.2.1530
  • Arunkumar, R., & Kotreshwar, G. (2005). Risk management in commercial banks. In Paper submitted to Ninth Capital Market Conference, Indian Institute of Capital Market.
  • Asongu, S. A. (2013). Post‐crisis bank liquidity risk management disclosure. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 5(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554171311308968
  • Bain, K., & Howells, P. (1999). The Privatization of Monetary Policy. Money and Macroeconomic Policy, 1, 53.
  • Baumann, U., & Nier, E. (2003). Market discipline and financial stability: some empirical evidence. Financial Stability Review, 14, 134- 141.
  • Bell, E., & Bryman, A. (2007). The Ethics of Management Research: an Exploratory Content Analysis. British Journal of Management, 18(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00487.x
  • Ben Selma Mokni, R., Echchabi, A., Azouzi, D., & Rachdi, H. (2014). Risk management tools practiced in Islamic banks: evidence in MENA region. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 5(1), 77–97. https://doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-10-2012-0070
  • Beretta, S., & Bozzolan, S. (2004). A framework for the analysis of firm risk communication. The International Journal of Accounting, 39(3), 265–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2004.06.006
  • Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2003). Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide. Business Research Methods, 465-478.
  • Habib, A. (2015). A comparison of Financial Performance of banking Industry in Pakistan. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 13, 1-10.
  • Habib, S., Masood, H., Hassan, T., Mubin, M., & Baig, U. (2014). Operational risk management in corporate and banking sector of Pakistan.
  • Hakim, S., & Neaime, S. (2005). Profitability and Risk Management in Banking: A Comparative Analysis of Egypt and Lebanon. In Money and Finance in the Middle East: Missed Oportunities or Future Prospects? (pp. 117-131). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Haneef, S., Riaz, T., Ramzan, M., Rana, M. A., Hafiz, M. I., & Karim, Y. (2012). Impact of risk management on non-performing loans and profitability of banking sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(7), 307-315.
  • Hanim Tafri, F., Abdul Rahman, R., & Omar, N. (2011). Empirical evidence on the riskmanagement tools practised in Islamic and conventional banks. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 3(2), 86–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/17554171111155339
  • Hassan Al‐Tamimi, H. A. (2008). Implementing Basel II: an investigation of the UAE banks’ Basel II preparations. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 16(2), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1108/13581980810869814
  • Hassan Al-Tamimi, H. A., & Mohammed Al- Mazrooei, F. (2007). Banks' risk management: a comparison study of UAE national and foreign banks. The Journal of Risk Finance, 8(4), 394-409.
  • Hassan, A. (2009). Risk management practices of Islamic banks of Brunei Darussalam. The Journal of Risk Finance, 10(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1108/15265940910924472
  • Hassan, W. M. (2011). Risk management practices: a comparative analysis between Islamic banks and conventional banks in the Middle East. International Journal of Academic Research, 3(3), 288-295.
  • Hossain, M. (2008). The extent of disclosure in annual reports of banking companies: The case of India.
  • Hull, J. C. (2008). The credit crunch of 2007: What went wrong? Why? What lessons can be learned?.
  • Hussein, K. (2010). Bank-level stability factors and consumer confidence – A comparative study of Islamic and conventional banks’ product mix. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 15(3), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1057/fsm.2010.21
  • Iqbal, Z. (2007). Challenges facing Islamic financial industry. Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking and Finance, 3(1), 1-14.
  • Jorion, P., & Khoury, S. J. (1995). Financial risk management: Domestic and international dimensions. Blackwell.
  • Kaplan, S., & Garrick, B. J. (1981). On The Quantitative Definition of Risk. Risk Analysis, 1(1), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539- 6924.1981.tb01350.x
  • Khalid, S., & Amjad, S. (2012). Risk management practices in Islamic banks of Pakistan. The Journal of Risk Finance, 13(2), 148–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/15265941211203198
  • Kille, K. J. (Ed.). (2007). The UN Secretary- General and moral authority: Ethics and religion in international leadership. Georgetown University Press.
  • Mishra, U., & Naidu, M. P. (2016). A Study on Credit Risk Management and Appraisal Process at Punjab National Bank, Nagpur. International Journal of Multifaceted and Multilingual Studies, 3(2), 1-9.
  • Moore, W. (2009). How do financial crises affect commercial bank liquidity? Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/21473/
  • Mounira, B. A., & Anas, E. (2009). Managing Risks and Liquidity in an interest free banking Framework: The case of the Islamic banks. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(9). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v3n9p80
  • Rahman, M. L., & Banna, S. H. (2016). Liquidity Risk Management: A Comparative Study between Conventional and Islamic Banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Business and Technology (Dhaka), 10(2), 18–35. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbt.v10i2.29465
  • Richard, E., Chijoriga, M., Kaijage, E., Peterson, C., & Bohman, H. (2008). Credit risk management system of a commercial bank in Tanzania. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 3(3), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468800810883729
  • Rosman, R. (2009). Risk management practices and risk management processes of Islamic banks: a proposed framework. International Review of Business Research Papers, 5(1), 242-254.
  • Said, A. (2013). Evaluating the Overall Technical Efficiency of Islamic Banks operating in the MENA Region during the Financial Crisis. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 3(2), 426–434. https://www.econjournals.com/index.php/ijefi/article/view/437
  • Sarif, S. M., Sarwar, A., & Ismail, Y. (2013). Practice of social entrepreneurship among the Muslim entrepreneurs in Malaysia. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 14(11), 1463-1470. 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2013.14.11.2347
  • Saunders, M. L., & Lewis, P. (2009). P. and Thornhill, A.(2009). Research methods for business students, 4
  • Shafiq, A., & Nasr, M. (2010). Risk management practices followed by the commercial banks in Pakistan. International Review of Business Research Papers, 6(2), 308-325.
  • Sundararajan, V., & Errico, L. (2002). Islamic financial institutions and products in the global financial system: Key issues in risk management and challenges ahead (Vol. 2). International Monetary Fund.
  • Syafri Harahap, S. (2003). The disclosure of Islamic values – annual report. The analysis of Bank Muamalat Indonesia’s annual report. Managerial Finance, 29(7), 70–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074350310768355
  • Thakor, A. V. (1996). The design of financial systems: An overview. Journal of Banking & Finance, 20(5), 917–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(95)00033-x
  • Tohmatsu, D. T. (2005). The changing banking landscape in Asia Pacific. A report on bank consolidation.
  • Zadeh, F. O., & Eskandari, A. (2012). Firm Size As Company's Characteristic and Level of Risk Disclosure: Review on Theories and Literatures. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(17), 9-17.
  • Zainol, Z., & Kassim, S. (2010). An analysis of Islamic banks' exposure to rate of return risk. Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 31(1), 59-84.
  • Zikmund, W. G. (2003). Sample designs and sampling procedures. Business research methods, 7, 368-400.

Cite this article

APA

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Khan, Muhammad Mahmood Shah, Sheikh Khurram Abid, and Rubeena Tashfeen. 2022. "Risk Managing Technique in Pakistan Industry: A Case from Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review, VII (II): 463-478 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2022(VII-II).45

HARVARD

    HARVARD : KHAN, M. M. S., ABID, S. K. & TASHFEEN, R. 2022. Risk Managing Technique in Pakistan Industry: A Case from Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, VII, 463-478.

MHRA

    MHRA : Khan, Muhammad Mahmood Shah, Sheikh Khurram Abid, and Rubeena Tashfeen. 2022. "Risk Managing Technique in Pakistan Industry: A Case from Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review, VII: 463-478

MLA

    MLA : Khan, Muhammad Mahmood Shah, Sheikh Khurram Abid, and Rubeena Tashfeen. "Risk Managing Technique in Pakistan Industry: A Case from Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review, VII.II (2022): 463-478 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Khan, Muhammad Mahmood Shah, Abid, Sheikh Khurram, and Tashfeen, Rubeena (2022), "Risk Managing Technique in Pakistan Industry: A Case from Pakistan", Global Social Sciences Review, VII (II), 463-478

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Khan, Muhammad Mahmood Shah, Sheikh Khurram Abid, and Rubeena Tashfeen. "Risk Managing Technique in Pakistan Industry: A Case from Pakistan." Global Social Sciences Review VII, no. II (2022): 463-478. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2022(VII-II).45