PROCESS OF POST TRAUMATIC GROWTH IN TRAUMA VICTIMS IN PAKISTAN A QUALITATIVE STUDY

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-I).20      10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-I).20      Published : Mar 1
Authored by : Samra Zubair Lodhi , Seema Gul

20 Pages : 204-221

References

  • Affleck, G., & Tennen, H. (1996). Construing benefits from adversity: Adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings. Journal of Personality, 64, 900−922.
  • Aldwin, C. M. (1994). Stress, Coping, and Development. New York: Guilford.
  • Aldwin, C. M., Levenson, M. R., & Spiro, A. (1994). Vulnerability and resilience to combat exposure: Can stress have lifelong effects? Psychology and Aging, 9, 34-44
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Aslam, N., & Kamal, A. (2015). Coping Strategies as a Predictors of Psychological Distress and Post Traumatic Growth among Flood Affected Individuals, Journal of Alcohol Drug Depend, 3:1
  • Blix, I., Hansen, M., Birkeland, M., Nissen, A., & Heir, T. (2013). Posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress and psychological adjustment in the aftermath of the 2011 Oslobombing attack. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 160.
  • Blore, D. C., Farrell, D., & Clifford, C. (2008). The experience of post traumatic growth amongst road traffic accidents victims who have completed EMDR treatment: A status report on research. Poster presented at the 9th EMDR Europe Association Conference, London, England.
  • Brenner, R. R. (1980). The faith and doubt of Holocaust Survivors. New York: Free Press.
  • Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., & Hanks, E. (2010). Positive outcomes following bereavement: Paths to posttraumatic growth. 125-143.
  • Castella, R. D., & Simmonds, J. G. (2012). There's a deeper level of meaning as to what suffering's all about
  • Cole, A. S., & Lynn, S. J. (2010). Adjustment of Sexual Assault Survivors: Hardiness and Acceptance Coping in Posttraumatic Growth. Imagination, Cognition & Personality. 30 (1). 111-127
  • Collins, R. L., Taylor, S. E. & Skokan, L. A. (1990). A Better World or a Shattered Vision? Changes in Life Perspectives Following Victimization. Social Cognition: 8(3). 263-285. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1990.8.3.263
  • Creswell, J. (2006). Five qualitative approaches to inquiry. Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upmdata/13421_Chapter4.pdf
  • Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage
  • Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publication.
  • Economic Research & Consulting. (2016). Natural catastrophes and man-made disasters in 2015: Asia suffers substantial losses. Switzerland: Swiss Re Ltd
  • Frankl, V. (1961). Logotherapy and the challenge of suffering. Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, 1, 3−7.
  • Frazier, P., Conlon, A., & Glaser, T. (2001). Positive and Negative life changes following sexual assault. Journal of Consulting &Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 1048-1055
  • Frazier, P., Tashiro, T., Berman, M., Steger, M., & Long, J. (2004). Correlates of levels and patterns of positive life changes following sexual assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72:19-30. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.1.19
  • Galea, S., & Resnick, H. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population after mass terrorist incidents: considerations about the nature of exposure. CNS Spectrums, 10(2),107- 115.
  • Gambone, L. J. (2009). Thoughts of Katrina: Posttraumatic Growth in the Aftermath of Disaster. (Doctoral dissertation). https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/338
  • Haidt, J. (2006). The happiness hypothesis: Putting ancient wisdom and philosophy to the test of modern science. Arrow Books: London.
  • Inter-Agency Standing Committee, Protecting Persons affected by Natural Disasters: IASC Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural Disasters, Washington, DC: Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement, June 2006.
  • Jami, H., & Iqbal, F. (2017). Posttraumatic Growth and Perceived Social Support among Women Who Experienced Miscarriage. FWU Journal of Social Sciences (). 2. 31-46 http://sbbwu.edu.pk/journal
  • Jia, X., Liu, X., Ying, L., & Lin, C. (2017). Longitudinal Relationships between Social Support and Posttraumatic Growth among Adolescent Survivors of the Wenchuan Earthquake. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1275. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01275
  • Kamran, F., & Ogden, J. (2016). Transitions in Psychological Well-Being And Life Orientation: The Phenomenon of Post Traumatic Growth after Renal Transplantation. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research. 31(2).
  • Kausar, R., & Arif, A. Resilience, Post Traumatic Growth and Coping Strategies Used by Flood Survivors. Department of psychology, PunjabUniversity, Lahore. Pakistan.: http://pu.edu.pk/images/image/ Departments/appsy/PsychologicalAbstracts-2010-2012.pdf
  • Kilmer, R. P., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2008).
  • Kilmer, R. P., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2010). Exploring posttraumatic growth in children impacted by Hurricane Katrina: correlates of the phenomenon and developmental considerations. Child Dev. 81, 1211-1227. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010. 01463.x
  • Kiran, M., Rana, M. H., & Azhar, M. (2010). Posttraumatic Growth Amongst Survivors Of A Suicide Bombing Attack In Northern Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan PsychiatricSociety, 7(1), 29
  • Leeman, M. (2015). Life-style, Coping Resources, and Trauma Symptoms: Predicting Posttraumatic Growth. Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2015. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cps_diss/111
  • Lepore, S. J. (2001). A social-cognitive processing model of emotional adjustment to cancer. In Baum A., Andersen B., editors. (Eds.), Psychosocial interventions for cancer (pp. 99-116). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Li, D. (2004). Trustworthiness of think-aloud protocols in the study of translation processes. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(3), 301-313. doi: 10.1111/j.1473-4192.2004. 00067.x
  • Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive Change Following Trauma and Adversity: A Review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 11-21
  • Linley, P., Joseph, S., Cooper, R., Harris, S., & Meyer, C. (2003). Positive and negative changes following vicarious exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(5), 481- 485.
  • Milam, J. E. (2006). Posttraumatic growth and HIV disease progression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 817 - 827.
  • Milam, J., Ritt-Olson, A., Tan, S., Unger, J., & Nezami, E. (2005). The September 11th 2001, terrorist attacks and reports of posttraumatic growth among a multiethnic sample ofadolescents. Traumatology, 11(4), 233.
  • Pakenham, K. I. (2005). Benefit finding in multiple sclerosis and associations with positive and negative outcomes. Health Psychology. 5(24). 123-132. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.123.
  • Pakistan Anti-Terrorism (Amendment) Ordinance. 1999, promulgated by President Rafiq Tarar on April 29, 1999, retrieved from http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/ pakistan/document/actsandordinences/a nti_terrorism.htm
  • Pargament, K. I., & Mahoney, A. (2002). Spirituality: the discovery and conservation of the sacred. In C. R. Synder& S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 646-59). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Prati, G., Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: a meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma 14, 364-388. 10.1080/15325020902724271
  • Rini, C., Manne, S., DuHamel, K. N., Austin, J., Ostroff, J., Boulad, F., et al, (2004). Mothers' perceptions of benefit following pediatric stem cell transplantation: A longitudinal investigation of the roles of optimism, medical risk, and socio demographic resources. Annals of Behavioural Medicine, 28, 132 - 141.
  • Riviera, D. (2010). Handling qualitative data: A review. The Qualitative Report, 15(5):1300-03.
  • Roulston, K. (2010). Considering quality in qualitative interviewing. Qualitative Research, 10(2), 1-30.
  • Saghir, S., & Rukhsana, K. (2010). Posttraumatic Growth and marital Satisfaction after Breast Cancer: Patient Spouse Perspective. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8(1).
  • Sawyer, J. S. (2017). Grieving Without God: Comparing Posttraumatic Growth, Complicated Grief, and Psychological Distress in Believers and Atheists during Bereavement Published thesis, Columbia University. https://academiccommons.columbia.edu /download/fedora_content/download/ac: v6wwpzgmvg/content/Sawyer_columbia _0054D_14163.pdf.
  • Sears, S. R., Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S. (2003). The yellow brick road and the emerald city: benefit finding, positive reappraisal coping and posttraumatic growth in women with early-stage breast cancer. Health Psychology 22 (5), 487- 497.
  • Sheikh, A. I. (2004). Posttraumatic growth in the context of heart disease. Journal of Clinical Psychology.11, 265-273. 10.1023/B:JOCS.0000045346.76242.73
  • Shultz, J. M., Neria, Y., & Espinel, J. (2013). Psychological impacts of Natural Disasters. Research Gate. http://www.reserachgate.net/pbulication/ 23702011
  • Singh, Y., Ugra, S., & Arora, N.J. (2013). The Test of My Life: From Cricket to Cancer and Back. India: Random House Publisher.
  • Smith, A., Joseph., & Nair, R. D. (2010). An Interpretative Phenomenological Analyiss of Post Traumatic Growth in Adult Bereaved by Suicide. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 16:413-430
  • Smith, J. A. (2003). Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods. London: Sage Publications
  • Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1, 39-54
  • Smith, J. A. (2008). Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (2nd Edition). UK: Sage Publications.
  • Smith, J., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research. London: SagePublications
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. (1999). Violence transformed: Posttraumatic growth in survivors and their societies, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 4(1999), pp. 319- 341, 10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00005-6
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and Transformation: Growing in the Aftermath of Suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Tedeshi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the Positive Legacy of Trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9. 455-471.
  • Topcu, M. (2016). The concept of gratitude and its relationship with posttraumatic growth: roles of early maladaptive schemata and schema coping styles, locus of control and responsibility dissertation. Department of Psychology.
  • Tylor, S. E., Wood, J. V., & Lichtman, R. R. (1983). It could be worse: Selective evaluation as a response to victimization. Journal of Social Issues, 39, 19-40.
  • Ullman, S. E., Hagene, P. L. (2014) Social reactions to sexual assault disclosure, coping, perceived control, and PTSD symptoms in sexual assault victims, Journal of Community Psychology, 42 (2014), pp. 495- 508, 10.1002/jcop.21624
  • Wang, Y., Wang. H., Wang, Z., Xie, H., Shi, J., & Zhao, X. (2015). The process of posttraumatic growth in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury in Mainland China: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Health Psychology. 22(5). 637 - 649
  • Zhou, X., Wu, X., & Zhen, R. (2017). Understanding the relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder/posttraumatic growth among adolescents after Ya'an earthquake: The role of emotion regulation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(2), 214-221.
  • Zhou, X., Wu, X., Fu, F., & An, Y. (2015). Core belief challenge and rumination as predictors of PTSD and PTG among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(4), 391-397.
  • Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B. (1999). The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of Personality, 67, 889 -919.

References

  • Affleck, G., & Tennen, H. (1996). Construing benefits from adversity: Adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings. Journal of Personality, 64, 900−922.
  • Aldwin, C. M. (1994). Stress, Coping, and Development. New York: Guilford.
  • Aldwin, C. M., Levenson, M. R., & Spiro, A. (1994). Vulnerability and resilience to combat exposure: Can stress have lifelong effects? Psychology and Aging, 9, 34-44
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Aslam, N., & Kamal, A. (2015). Coping Strategies as a Predictors of Psychological Distress and Post Traumatic Growth among Flood Affected Individuals, Journal of Alcohol Drug Depend, 3:1
  • Blix, I., Hansen, M., Birkeland, M., Nissen, A., & Heir, T. (2013). Posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress and psychological adjustment in the aftermath of the 2011 Oslobombing attack. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 160.
  • Blore, D. C., Farrell, D., & Clifford, C. (2008). The experience of post traumatic growth amongst road traffic accidents victims who have completed EMDR treatment: A status report on research. Poster presented at the 9th EMDR Europe Association Conference, London, England.
  • Brenner, R. R. (1980). The faith and doubt of Holocaust Survivors. New York: Free Press.
  • Calhoun, L. G., Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., & Hanks, E. (2010). Positive outcomes following bereavement: Paths to posttraumatic growth. 125-143.
  • Castella, R. D., & Simmonds, J. G. (2012). There's a deeper level of meaning as to what suffering's all about
  • Cole, A. S., & Lynn, S. J. (2010). Adjustment of Sexual Assault Survivors: Hardiness and Acceptance Coping in Posttraumatic Growth. Imagination, Cognition & Personality. 30 (1). 111-127
  • Collins, R. L., Taylor, S. E. & Skokan, L. A. (1990). A Better World or a Shattered Vision? Changes in Life Perspectives Following Victimization. Social Cognition: 8(3). 263-285. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1990.8.3.263
  • Creswell, J. (2006). Five qualitative approaches to inquiry. Sage Publications. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upmdata/13421_Chapter4.pdf
  • Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage
  • Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publication.
  • Economic Research & Consulting. (2016). Natural catastrophes and man-made disasters in 2015: Asia suffers substantial losses. Switzerland: Swiss Re Ltd
  • Frankl, V. (1961). Logotherapy and the challenge of suffering. Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry, 1, 3−7.
  • Frazier, P., Conlon, A., & Glaser, T. (2001). Positive and Negative life changes following sexual assault. Journal of Consulting &Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 1048-1055
  • Frazier, P., Tashiro, T., Berman, M., Steger, M., & Long, J. (2004). Correlates of levels and patterns of positive life changes following sexual assault. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72:19-30. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.1.19
  • Galea, S., & Resnick, H. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population after mass terrorist incidents: considerations about the nature of exposure. CNS Spectrums, 10(2),107- 115.
  • Gambone, L. J. (2009). Thoughts of Katrina: Posttraumatic Growth in the Aftermath of Disaster. (Doctoral dissertation). https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/338
  • Haidt, J. (2006). The happiness hypothesis: Putting ancient wisdom and philosophy to the test of modern science. Arrow Books: London.
  • Inter-Agency Standing Committee, Protecting Persons affected by Natural Disasters: IASC Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural Disasters, Washington, DC: Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement, June 2006.
  • Jami, H., & Iqbal, F. (2017). Posttraumatic Growth and Perceived Social Support among Women Who Experienced Miscarriage. FWU Journal of Social Sciences (). 2. 31-46 http://sbbwu.edu.pk/journal
  • Jia, X., Liu, X., Ying, L., & Lin, C. (2017). Longitudinal Relationships between Social Support and Posttraumatic Growth among Adolescent Survivors of the Wenchuan Earthquake. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1275. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01275
  • Kamran, F., & Ogden, J. (2016). Transitions in Psychological Well-Being And Life Orientation: The Phenomenon of Post Traumatic Growth after Renal Transplantation. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research. 31(2).
  • Kausar, R., & Arif, A. Resilience, Post Traumatic Growth and Coping Strategies Used by Flood Survivors. Department of psychology, PunjabUniversity, Lahore. Pakistan.: http://pu.edu.pk/images/image/ Departments/appsy/PsychologicalAbstracts-2010-2012.pdf
  • Kilmer, R. P., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2008).
  • Kilmer, R. P., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2010). Exploring posttraumatic growth in children impacted by Hurricane Katrina: correlates of the phenomenon and developmental considerations. Child Dev. 81, 1211-1227. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010. 01463.x
  • Kiran, M., Rana, M. H., & Azhar, M. (2010). Posttraumatic Growth Amongst Survivors Of A Suicide Bombing Attack In Northern Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan PsychiatricSociety, 7(1), 29
  • Leeman, M. (2015). Life-style, Coping Resources, and Trauma Symptoms: Predicting Posttraumatic Growth. Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2015. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cps_diss/111
  • Lepore, S. J. (2001). A social-cognitive processing model of emotional adjustment to cancer. In Baum A., Andersen B., editors. (Eds.), Psychosocial interventions for cancer (pp. 99-116). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Li, D. (2004). Trustworthiness of think-aloud protocols in the study of translation processes. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 14(3), 301-313. doi: 10.1111/j.1473-4192.2004. 00067.x
  • Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive Change Following Trauma and Adversity: A Review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 11-21
  • Linley, P., Joseph, S., Cooper, R., Harris, S., & Meyer, C. (2003). Positive and negative changes following vicarious exposure to the September 11 terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(5), 481- 485.
  • Milam, J. E. (2006). Posttraumatic growth and HIV disease progression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 817 - 827.
  • Milam, J., Ritt-Olson, A., Tan, S., Unger, J., & Nezami, E. (2005). The September 11th 2001, terrorist attacks and reports of posttraumatic growth among a multiethnic sample ofadolescents. Traumatology, 11(4), 233.
  • Pakenham, K. I. (2005). Benefit finding in multiple sclerosis and associations with positive and negative outcomes. Health Psychology. 5(24). 123-132. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.123.
  • Pakistan Anti-Terrorism (Amendment) Ordinance. 1999, promulgated by President Rafiq Tarar on April 29, 1999, retrieved from http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/ pakistan/document/actsandordinences/a nti_terrorism.htm
  • Pargament, K. I., & Mahoney, A. (2002). Spirituality: the discovery and conservation of the sacred. In C. R. Synder& S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 646-59). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Prati, G., Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: a meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma 14, 364-388. 10.1080/15325020902724271
  • Rini, C., Manne, S., DuHamel, K. N., Austin, J., Ostroff, J., Boulad, F., et al, (2004). Mothers' perceptions of benefit following pediatric stem cell transplantation: A longitudinal investigation of the roles of optimism, medical risk, and socio demographic resources. Annals of Behavioural Medicine, 28, 132 - 141.
  • Riviera, D. (2010). Handling qualitative data: A review. The Qualitative Report, 15(5):1300-03.
  • Roulston, K. (2010). Considering quality in qualitative interviewing. Qualitative Research, 10(2), 1-30.
  • Saghir, S., & Rukhsana, K. (2010). Posttraumatic Growth and marital Satisfaction after Breast Cancer: Patient Spouse Perspective. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8(1).
  • Sawyer, J. S. (2017). Grieving Without God: Comparing Posttraumatic Growth, Complicated Grief, and Psychological Distress in Believers and Atheists during Bereavement Published thesis, Columbia University. https://academiccommons.columbia.edu /download/fedora_content/download/ac: v6wwpzgmvg/content/Sawyer_columbia _0054D_14163.pdf.
  • Sears, S. R., Stanton, A. L., Danoff-Burg, S. (2003). The yellow brick road and the emerald city: benefit finding, positive reappraisal coping and posttraumatic growth in women with early-stage breast cancer. Health Psychology 22 (5), 487- 497.
  • Sheikh, A. I. (2004). Posttraumatic growth in the context of heart disease. Journal of Clinical Psychology.11, 265-273. 10.1023/B:JOCS.0000045346.76242.73
  • Shultz, J. M., Neria, Y., & Espinel, J. (2013). Psychological impacts of Natural Disasters. Research Gate. http://www.reserachgate.net/pbulication/ 23702011
  • Singh, Y., Ugra, S., & Arora, N.J. (2013). The Test of My Life: From Cricket to Cancer and Back. India: Random House Publisher.
  • Smith, A., Joseph., & Nair, R. D. (2010). An Interpretative Phenomenological Analyiss of Post Traumatic Growth in Adult Bereaved by Suicide. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 16:413-430
  • Smith, J. A. (2003). Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods. London: Sage Publications
  • Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1, 39-54
  • Smith, J. A. (2008). Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods (2nd Edition). UK: Sage Publications.
  • Smith, J., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research. London: SagePublications
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. (1999). Violence transformed: Posttraumatic growth in survivors and their societies, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 4(1999), pp. 319- 341, 10.1016/S1359-1789(98)00005-6
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and Transformation: Growing in the Aftermath of Suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Tedeshi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the Positive Legacy of Trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9. 455-471.
  • Topcu, M. (2016). The concept of gratitude and its relationship with posttraumatic growth: roles of early maladaptive schemata and schema coping styles, locus of control and responsibility dissertation. Department of Psychology.
  • Tylor, S. E., Wood, J. V., & Lichtman, R. R. (1983). It could be worse: Selective evaluation as a response to victimization. Journal of Social Issues, 39, 19-40.
  • Ullman, S. E., Hagene, P. L. (2014) Social reactions to sexual assault disclosure, coping, perceived control, and PTSD symptoms in sexual assault victims, Journal of Community Psychology, 42 (2014), pp. 495- 508, 10.1002/jcop.21624
  • Wang, Y., Wang. H., Wang, Z., Xie, H., Shi, J., & Zhao, X. (2015). The process of posttraumatic growth in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury in Mainland China: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Health Psychology. 22(5). 637 - 649
  • Zhou, X., Wu, X., & Zhen, R. (2017). Understanding the relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder/posttraumatic growth among adolescents after Ya'an earthquake: The role of emotion regulation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(2), 214-221.
  • Zhou, X., Wu, X., Fu, F., & An, Y. (2015). Core belief challenge and rumination as predictors of PTSD and PTG among adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(4), 391-397.
  • Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B. (1999). The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of Personality, 67, 889 -919.

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Lodhi, S. Z., & Gul, S. (2021). Process of Post Traumatic Growth in Trauma Victims in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study. Global Social Sciences Review, VI(I), 204-221. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-I).20

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Lodhi, Samra Zubair, and Seema Gul. 2021. "Process of Post Traumatic Growth in Trauma Victims in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study." Global Social Sciences Review, VI (I): 204-221 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-I).20

HARVARD

    HARVARD : LODHI, S. Z. & GUL, S. 2021. Process of Post Traumatic Growth in Trauma Victims in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study. Global Social Sciences Review, VI, 204-221.

MHRA

    MHRA : Lodhi, Samra Zubair, and Seema Gul. 2021. "Process of Post Traumatic Growth in Trauma Victims in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study." Global Social Sciences Review, VI: 204-221

MLA

    MLA : Lodhi, Samra Zubair, and Seema Gul. "Process of Post Traumatic Growth in Trauma Victims in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study." Global Social Sciences Review, VI.I (2021): 204-221 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Lodhi, Samra Zubair and Gul, Seema (2021), "Process of Post Traumatic Growth in Trauma Victims in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study", Global Social Sciences Review, VI (I), 204-221

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Lodhi, Samra Zubair, and Seema Gul. "Process of Post Traumatic Growth in Trauma Victims in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study." Global Social Sciences Review VI, no. I (2021): 204-221. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2021(VI-I).20