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- Wickremesinhe, R., & Sanjana, H. (2016). Voting in Hate A study of hate speech on Facebook surrounding Sri Lanka’s Parliamentary Election of 2015. https://www.cpalanka.org/wp- content/uploads/2016/03/Voting-in-Hate- 1.pdf
- Aharony, J. B., & Noa. (2015, March 15). Personal and political elements of the use of social networking sites. Informationr.net. http://informationr.net/ir/20- 1/isic2/isic23.html#.YfS6u9XMLIU
- Anderson, R. (2007) Thematic Content Analysis: Descriptive Presentation of Qualitative Data. http://rosemarieanderson.com/wp- content/uploads/2014/08/ThematicConten tAnalysis.pdf
- Berecz, T., & Devinat, C. (2017). Relevance of Cyber Hate in Europe and Current Topics that Shape Online Hate Speech Remove: Countering Cyber Hate Phenomena. https://www.inach.net/wp- content/uploads/FV- Relevance_of_Cyber_Hate_in_Europe_and_ Current_Topics_that_Shape_Online_Hate_S peech.pdf
- Cammaerts, B. (2009). Radical pluralism and free speech in online public spaces: The case of North Belgian extreme right discourses. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 12(6), 555–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/13678779093424 79
- Caplan, J. (2013). Social Media and Politics: Twitter Use in the Second Congressional District of Virginia. Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 4(1). http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/7 86/social-media-and-politics-twitter-use-in- the-second-congressional-district-of-virginia
- Cassese, E. C. (2019). Dehumanization of the Opposition in Political Campaigns. Social Science Quarterly, 101(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12745
- Cavazza, N., & Guidetti, M. (2014). Swearing in political discourse: Why vulgarity works. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33(5), 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927x145331 98
- Christoforou, S (2014). Social media and political communication: Hate speech in the age of Twitter, Master Media Culture and Society Erasmus School of History, Culture and Communication. Erasmus University of Rotterdam Master Thesis.
- Daugherty, T., Eastin, M. S., & Bright, L. (2008). Exploring Consumer Motivations for Creating User-Generated Content. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 8(2), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2008.1 0722139
- DeLuca, K. M., Lawson, S., & Sun, Y. (2012). Occupy Wall Street on the Public Screens of Social Media: The Many Framings of the Birth of a Protest Movement. Communication, Culture & Critique, 5(4), 483–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753- 9137.2012.01141.x
- Gerstenfeld, P. B., Grant, D. R., & Chiang, C.-P. (2003). Hate Online: A Content Analysis of Extremist Internet Sites. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 3(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530- 2415.2003.00013.x
- Gyulai, D. (2016). A qualitative investigation of USA Weightlifting Facebook follower engagement during a world event. San José State University
- Haslam, N., & Loughnan, S. (2016). How dehumanization promotes harm. In A. Miller (Ed.), The Social Psychology of Good and Evil (2nd ed., pp. Chapter 8). Guildford Publications.
- Icks, M., & Shiraev, E. (Eds.). (2014). Character assassination throughout the ages. Springer.
- Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the World, Unite! The Challenges and Opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09. 003
- Keipi, T., Räsänen, P., Oksanen, A., Hawdon, J., & Näsi, M. (2018). Exposure to online hate material and subjective well-being: A comparative study of American and Finnish youth. Online Information Review, 42(1), 2– 15. https://doi.org/10.1108/oir-05-2016- 0133
- Keith, S., Schwalbe, C. B., & Silcock, B. W. (2009). Visualizing Cross-Media Coverage: Picturing War across Platforms during the U.S.-Led Invasion of Iraq. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 17(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870802494 941
- Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography : ethnographic research in the age of the internet. Sage Publications Ltd.
- Krieger, A. (2015). Social Media Comment Sections and Their Effect on Message Framing: Implications for Political Communication and Public Relations. Etd.ohiolink.edu. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_nu m=kent1447954894
- Kushin, M. J., & Kitchener, K. (2009). Getting political on social network sites: Exploring online political discourse on Facebook. First Monday, 14(11). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v14i11.2645
- Muluka, S., & Nassiuma, D. B. K. (2017). HATE SPEECH: A DERIVATIVE OF KENYAN POLITICS? International Journal of Communication and Public Relation, 2(2), 55–69. https://www.iprjb.org/journals/index.php/ IJCPR/article/view/520
- Rai, M. (2018, November 19). Pakistan’s politicians must avoid abusive language. Daily Times. https://dailytimes.com.pk/323957/pakista ns-politicians-must-avoid-abusive-language
- Shapiro, J., Fair, C., & Rais, R. B. (2010, March 31). Political Violence in Pakistan: Understanding Subnational Patterns. International Growth Centre. https://www.theigc.org/collections/politica l-violence-pakistan-understanding- subnational-patterns
- Shuttleworth, M. (2019). Qualitative Research Design. Explorable.com. https://explorable.com/qualitative- research-design
- Silverman, D. (2005). Doing Qualitative Research. Second edition. London: Sage.
- Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for Developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
- Veeck, A. (2013). Analyzing the content of social media data. https://www.quirks.com/articles/analyzing -the-content-of-social-media-data
- Welsh, E. (2002). Dealing with Data: Using NVivo in the Qualitative Data Analysis Process. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-3.2.865
- Wickremesinhe, R., & Sanjana, H. (2016). Voting in Hate A study of hate speech on Facebook surrounding Sri Lanka’s Parliamentary Election of 2015. https://www.cpalanka.org/wp- content/uploads/2016/03/Voting-in-Hate- 1.pdf
Cite this article
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APA : Akbar, M., & Safdar, A. (2023). Politics of Hate and Social Media: Thematic Analysis of Political Hate Discourses on Facebook. Global Social Sciences Review, VIII(II), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-II).33
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CHICAGO : Akbar, Muhammad, and Aasima Safdar. 2023. "Politics of Hate and Social Media: Thematic Analysis of Political Hate Discourses on Facebook." Global Social Sciences Review, VIII (II): 364-375 doi: 10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-II).33
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HARVARD : AKBAR, M. & SAFDAR, A. 2023. Politics of Hate and Social Media: Thematic Analysis of Political Hate Discourses on Facebook. Global Social Sciences Review, VIII, 364-375.
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MHRA : Akbar, Muhammad, and Aasima Safdar. 2023. "Politics of Hate and Social Media: Thematic Analysis of Political Hate Discourses on Facebook." Global Social Sciences Review, VIII: 364-375
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MLA : Akbar, Muhammad, and Aasima Safdar. "Politics of Hate and Social Media: Thematic Analysis of Political Hate Discourses on Facebook." Global Social Sciences Review, VIII.II (2023): 364-375 Print.
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OXFORD : Akbar, Muhammad and Safdar, Aasima (2023), "Politics of Hate and Social Media: Thematic Analysis of Political Hate Discourses on Facebook", Global Social Sciences Review, VIII (II), 364-375
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TURABIAN : Akbar, Muhammad, and Aasima Safdar. "Politics of Hate and Social Media: Thematic Analysis of Political Hate Discourses on Facebook." Global Social Sciences Review VIII, no. II (2023): 364-375. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2023(VIII-II).33